2:00pm - 3:30pm
Health Education (Objective & Essay)
3:35pm - 5:35pm
NECO HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICAL ANSWERS:
(1ai)
Arterial pulse points of the human body
(1aii)
X1 - Temporal artery
X2 - Facial
X3 - Carotid
X4 - Apical
X5 - Deep Femoral
X6 - Femoral
(1aiii)
They are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the head and brain.
(1b)
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear or aversion towards a specific object situation or activity.
(3ai)
A : displaced fracture
B : Open and displaced fracture
C : Comminuted fracture
D : Transverse fracture
E : Basilar skull fracture
F : Buckled fracture
(3aii)
F - buckle fracture
(3aiii)
(i) The first step is to immobilize the affected limb to prevent further injury using a splint or any other rigid object to keep the limb in place.
(ii) Applying ice to the affected area can help reduce pain and swelling.
(4a)
TABULATE PLS:
(i) Red blood cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen to all tissues of the body.
(ii) White blood cells: Defends the body against infections and diseases, such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
(iii) Lymphocytes: Regulation of the immune response.
(iv) Platelets: Blood clot
(4b)
The pulmonary artery is the only deoxygenated blood-carrying artery.
(4c)
(i) The pancreas
(ii) Diabetes mellitus
(4d)
(i) No pulse or heartbeat
(ii) No breathing
(iii) No response to stimuli
(5a)
A carrier refers to an individual who is infected with a disease-causing organism (such as a virus or bacteria) but does not display symptoms of the disease.
(5aii)
(i) Respiratory Route (Nose)
(ii) Oral Route (Mouth)
(iii) Skin contact
(5b)
Goiter
(5c)
(i) Dislocation
(ii) Torn Meniscus
(iii) Rheumatoid arthritis
(5d)
Third molar (wisdom tooth)
(6ai)
A trace element is a mineral that is required by the body in small amounts, typically less than 100 milligrams per day.
(6aii)
(i) Selenium
(ii) Zinc
(6bi)
[TABULATE]
Energy-giving nutrients:
(i) Carbohydrates
(ii) Proteins
(iii) Fats
Health maintenance nutrients:
(i) Vitamins
(ii) Minerals
(6bii)
(i) Skipping meals
(ii) Eating too much fast food
(6c)
A nostrum is a medicine or treatment that is promoted as a cure-all or panacea, but has no scientific basis or evidence of effectiveness.
(7a)
(i) Ectomorph
(ii) Mesomorph
(iii) Endomorph
(7bi)
Family
(7bii)
(i) Nuclear family
(ii) Extended family
(7c)
Geneva, Switzerland.
(7d)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Influenza (Flu)
(ii) Tuberculosis (TB)
(iii) COVID-19
(iv) HIV/AIDS
(v) Measles
(vi) Cholera
(vii) Viral Hepatitis
(8a)
(i) Babies born to teenage mothers may face higher rates of low birth weight and developmental issues.
(ii) It often leads to educational disruption for the young mother.
(iii) Teenage mothers may face socio-economic challenges due to limited financial resources and social support.
(8bi)
STIs: Sexually Transmitted Infections
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(8bii)
A Health Agency is an organization or entity that is responsible for promoting and safeguarding public health.
NECO HEALTH EDUCATION (THEORY) ANSWERS:
(1ai)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Heath is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition emphasizes that health encompasses not only the absence of illness but also the presence of overall well-being in multiple aspects of an individual's life.
(1aii)
(i) Social Determinants: Factors such as socio-economic status, education, employment, and social support networks significantly influence health outcomes.
(ii) Environmental Determinants: Physical and natural environments, including air and water quality, sanitation, and access to green spaces, impact health.
(iii) Behavioral Determinants: Lifestyle choices, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and other health-related behaviors, affect health.
(iv) Genetic Determinants: Individual genetic makeup and inherited traits can influence the predisposition to certain health conditions.
(1bi)
(i) Digestion: The small intestine is primarily responsible for breaking down food and extracting essential nutrients from the chyme (partially digested food) received from the stomach. Enzymes and bile aid in the digestion process.
(ii) Absorption: After digestion, the small intestine absorbs the digested nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, into the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the body.
(iii) Secretion: The small intestine secretes various digestive enzymes, mucus, and hormones that facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
(1bii)
(i) Nature of Process: Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules through the action of enzymes and other digestive substances. In contrast, mechanical digestion involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles through chewing, churning in the stomach, and mixing by peristalsis.
(ii) Location: Chemical digestion primarily takes place in the gastrointestinal tract, where enzymes and digestive juices are released to break down food. Mechanical digestion starts in the mouth through chewing and continues in the stomach and small intestine through peristaltic movements.
(1c)
-Ultrafiltration: Ultrafiltration is a process that occurs in the kidneys during urine formation. It is the first step of urine production and involves the filtration of blood plasma through the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule. During ultrafiltration, substances with smaller molecular sizes, such as water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea and creatinine, are forced out of the blood and into the renal tubules. Larger molecules like proteins and blood cells remain in the blood.
-Selective Reabsorption: Selective reabsorption is a critical process in the kidneys that occurs in the renal tubules after ultrafiltration. During selective reabsorption, essential substances such as water, glucose, amino acids, and ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium) are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. The reabsorption is selective, meaning the body retains necessary substances while allowing waste products and excess substances to be eliminated in the urine.
-Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, primarily arteries and arterioles, due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. When vasoconstriction occurs, the diameter of the blood vessels reduces, leading to decreased blood flow to the affected area. This process is essential in regulating blood pressure and controlling blood flow to specific tissues and organs. In response to various factors like cold temperatures, low oxygen levels, or hormonal signals, vasoconstriction helps redirect blood to vital organs and maintain body temperature. Additionally, vasoconstriction is a protective response during injury or trauma to reduce bleeding by limiting blood flow to damaged areas.
(2a)
(i) Improved Cardiovascular Health: Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves cardiovascular health. It enhances the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, reduces resting heart rate, and lowers blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes.
(ii) Weight Management: Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy weight or achieving weight loss. It helps burn calories, build lean muscle mass, and increase metabolism, which contributes to weight management and reducing the risk of obesity-related conditions.
(iii) Enhanced Mental Health: Exercise has significant benefits for mental health. Physical activity releases endorphins, which are natural mood elevators, leading to reduced stress, anxiety, and depression. Regular exercise also promotes better sleep, boosts self-esteem, and enhances cognitive function.
(2b)
(i) The primary difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is the requirement for oxygen. Aerobic respiration relies on oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and uses alternative electron acceptors like sulfate, nitrate, or carbon dioxide.
(ii) Aerobic respiration produces significantly more energy (ATP) compared to anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration yields up to 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, while anaerobic respiration produces only a limited amount of ATP, usually 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in humans.
(2ci)
(i) Lack of Awareness and Information: Limited awareness and knowledge about the importance of child immunization among parents and caregivers can lead to a low uptake of vaccines. Inadequate information may result in misconceptions and fears about vaccinations, leading to vaccine hesitancy.
(ii) Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure: A lack of well-equipped healthcare facilities, including vaccination centers and trained healthcare professionals, can hinder the smooth delivery of vaccines to children in the local government area (LGA).
(iii) Logistical Challenges: Difficulties in vaccine transportation and storage due to inadequate cold chain systems and unreliable supply chains can pose obstacles to successful immunization campaigns. These challenges can lead to vaccine wastage and shortages.
(2cii)
(i) Measles
(ii) Polio
(iii) Hepatitis B
(iv) Tetanus
(3a) Cancer:
-Four types of cancer:
(i) Breast Cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the breast tissues, commonly affecting women but can also occur in men.
(i) Lung Cancer: Lung cancer develops in the tissues of the lungs and is often associated with smoking or exposure to harmful substances.
(ii) Prostate Cancer: Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland in men and is one of the most common cancers in males.
(iv) Colorectal Cancer: Colorectal cancer starts in the colon or rectum and can arise from abnormal growths called polyps.
-Three signs/symptoms:
(i) Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss without changes in diet or physical activity can be a symptom of various cancers.
(ii) Persistent Fatigue: Persistent and unexplained fatigue or weakness that doesn't improve with rest can be an early sign of cancer.
(iii) Abnormal Bleeding: Unusual bleeding or discharge, such as blood in the urine, stool, or coughing up blood, can be indicative of certain types of cancer.
-Three preventive measures:
(i) Regular Screening: Regular cancer screenings and early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment. Follow recommended screening guidelines based on age, gender, and risk factors.
(ii) Healthy Lifestyle: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of developing certain cancers. This includes maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and protecting the skin from excessive sun exposure.
(iii) Vaccination: Certain vaccines, such as the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention and the hepatitis B vaccine for liver cancer prevention, can reduce the risk of cancer associated with specific viruses.
(3b)
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. These drugs target rapidly dividing cells, which include cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be given alone or in combination with other cancer treatments like surgery or radiation therapy. It is used to treat various types of cancer and can be administered intravenously or orally.
(3c)
(i) Immunosuppression: A weakened immune system makes the body more vulnerable to infections and allows diseases to spread more easily.
(ii) High Population Density: Crowded living conditions and close contact with infected individuals can facilitate the rapid spread of diseases.
(iii) Lack of Vaccination or Immunization: When a significant portion of the population is unvaccinated, infectious diseases can spread more rapidly and affect more individuals.
(iv) Poor Hygiene Practices: Inadequate sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and poor hygiene practices can contribute to the spread of diseases, especially those transmitted through contaminated food and water or via direct contact.
(4ai)
A delinquent refers to an individual, typically a young person, who engages in illegal or socially unacceptable behaviors. These behaviors violate the norms, laws, and expectations of society, and delinquent individuals may commit various offenses or engage in actions that are considered harmful or disruptive to themselves or others.
(4aii)
(i) Stealing items from stores or others without permission is considered delinquent behavior and is illegal.
(ii) Delinquency can involve acts of vandalism, such as damaging property, graffiti, or destruction of public or private assets.
(iii) Skipping school without a valid reason or consistently failing to attend school as required by law is considered delinquent behavior.
(4aiii)
(i) Family Disruption: Alcoholism can lead to strained family relationships, conflicts, and domestic violence, negatively affecting the well-being of family members.
(ii) Reduced Workplace Productivity: Alcoholism can lead to absenteeism, poor job performance, and accidents in the workplace, impacting productivity and economic stability.
(iii) Increased Crime Rates: Alcohol abuse can contribute to an increase in criminal activities, including driving under the influence (DUI), assault, and public disorder offenses.
(4bi)
Family planning refers to the conscious and voluntary decision-making process that individuals or couples undertake to determine the number, spacing, and timing of their children. It involves the use of various contraceptive methods and reproductive health services to achieve desired family size and ensure the overall well-being of the family members.
(4bii)
(i) Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method: This method involves tracking a woman's basal body temperature daily and noting temperature changes throughout her menstrual cycle. Temperature rises after ovulation, indicating fertility.
(ii) Cervical Mucus Method: By observing changes in cervical mucus consistency and volume, a woman can identify her fertile days. Fertile mucus indicates that ovulation is approaching.
(iii) Symptothermal Method: This method combines tracking basal body temperature, cervical mucus changes, and other physical signs like changes in the cervix to identify fertile and non-fertile days.
(4c)
(i) Prenatal Stage
(ii) Infancy
(iii) Childhood
(iv) Adulthood
NECO HEALTH EDUCATION OBJECTIVES (OBJ) ANSWERS
1-10: DBCDBEECEE
11-20: BCDBBAABDE
21-30: BBDEACEAAD
31-40: DECBCCBCAA
41-50: AAEEDBACDE
51-60: EDCBBECDDA
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