![2023 WAEC GCE Geography (Essay & OBJ) Answers [6th December]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjqEx-z-89hLWWVmtKePIpvlheqwsDr2UQ3TPj9ZEwUS9VBdLbwVrsiaazDviGC4IGra6XO3_6AYd9c9JOnLCrtrvm1vbC3JhlZBu4N12Ho3enia47iDrLIbqYXcWD61NNGGGPfA5DhEM/s1600/WAEC+LOGO.png "2023 WAEC GCE Geography (Essay & OBJ) Answers [6th December]")
Wednesday, 6th December, 2023
Geography 1(Objective) – 11:30am – 12:30pm
Geography 3 (Practical and Physical Geography) – 50mins 2:30pm – 4:20pm
A. 2023 WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY (THEORY) ANSWERS | 6TH DECEMBER, 2023
(2a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Availability of raw materials:
Industries tend to locate close to sources of raw materials to minimize
transportation costs and delays. For example, a steel manufacturing
industry would ideally be located near iron ore mines.
(ii) Access to
transportation: Industries require efficient transportation networks to
move raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market.
Therefore, proximity to ports, railroads, highways, and airports is
crucial.
(iii) Availability of labor: The availability of skilled and
unskilled labor is an important factor in industrial location
decisions. Industries often locate in areas with a large and qualified
workforce to ensure a steady supply of workers.
(iv) Energy
availability and cost: Industries require a reliable energy supply, and
the availability and cost of energy can influence their choice of
location. Access to affordable and stable energy sources, such as
electricity or natural gas, is essential for manufacturing operations.
(v)
Market proximity: Industries often locate near their target markets to
reduce transportation costs and respond quickly to customer demands.
Being close to customers can also enable faster delivery times and
better customer service.
(vi) Government policies and incentives:
Government policies and incentives can play a significant role in
deciding industrial locations. Governments may offer tax breaks, grants,
or other incentives to attract industries to specific regions or
sectors. Industries may consider these incentives when choosing a
location.
(2b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Agricultural processing:
Many manufacturing industries in tropical African countries focus on
processing agricultural products such as cocoa, coffee, and palm oil.
These industries add value to raw materials and contribute to the local
economy.
(ii) Textile and apparel: Textile and apparel manufacturing
is a common industry in tropical African countries. These industries
utilize local cotton and produce garments and textiles for domestic and
international markets.
(iii) Building materials: Manufacturing
industries in tropical African countries often produce building
materials like cement, bricks, and roofing materials. These industries
support the construction sector and contribute to infrastructure
development in the region.
(iv) Food and beverage processing:
Tropical African countries have rich agricultural resources, and
manufacturing industries in this sector focus on processing and
packaging food and beverages for local consumption and export.
(v)
Automotive assembly: Some tropical African countries have automotive
assembly plants that import car parts and assemble them locally. This
industry provides job opportunities and contributes to the local
economy.
(vi) Pharmaceuticals: Tropical African countries have a
growing pharmaceutical industry that focuses on the production of drugs
and medicines. These industries contribute to improving healthcare
access in the region and support local economies.
(3a)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Town
(ii) Megalopolis
(iii) Metropolis
(iv) City
(v) Conurbation
(3b)
(PIC ANY FOUR)
(i)
Provision of Medical Herbs: Rural areas often have a wealth of
indigenous plants with medicinal properties. Urban areas depend on rural
regions for the supply of medical herbs and traditional remedies,
contributing to alternative healthcare practices.
(ii) Provision
of Agricultural Food: Rural areas are primary sources of agricultural
production. Urban settlements rely on rural regions for the supply of
fresh produce, grains, and livestock, ensuring a continuous flow of food
to urban markets.
(iii) Materials for Construction: Rural areas
provide urban settlements with essential construction materials such as
timber, sand, stone, and other resources. These materials are crucial
for infrastructure development and building construction in urban areas.
(iv)
Provision of Industrial Raw Materials: Many industries, even those
located in urban areas, depend on raw materials sourced from rural
regions. This includes minerals, metals, and other resources used in
manufacturing processes.
(v) Unskilled Labor Supply:
Rural-to-urban migration often results in an influx of unskilled labor
into urban areas. This migration supports various industries,
construction projects, and service sectors in urban settlements.
(vi)
Provision of Local Craft, Artifacts, etc.: Rural settlements often have
rich traditions of local crafts and artifacts. Urban areas rely on
rural artisans for unique products that contribute to cultural diversity
and support local economies.
(vii) Fuelwood and Charcoal for
Urban Workers: Rural areas supply urban populations with fuelwood and
charcoal, especially in regions where these are still prevalent cooking
fuels. This dependency highlights the importance of sustainable
practices to avoid environmental degradation.
(viii) Recreational
and Tourist Activities: Rural areas often offer natural and scenic
attractions that urban residents visit for recreational activities or
tourism. Urban settlements depend on these rural destinations to provide
leisure and entertainment opportunities for their inhabitants.
(3c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i)
Natural Resources: The availability of natural resources such as
fertile soil, water sources, minerals, or energy sources can attract
people to settle in an area and promote the growth of a settlement.
(ii)
Transportation and Infrastructure: Access to efficient transportation
networks, including roads, railways, and airports, facilitates the
movement of people, goods, and services, which can stimulate settlement
growth.
(iii) Economic Opportunities: The presence of job
opportunities, industries, and commercial activities can attract people
to a location and promote the growth of a settlement.
(iv) Social and
Cultural Factors: Factors such as the presence of schools, healthcare
facilities, recreational amenities, and cultural attractions can make a
location more desirable for settlement and contribute to its growth.
(v)
Government Policies: Government policies, including incentives,
subsidies, or infrastructure investments, can promote settlement growth
in specific areas.
(vi) Climate and Environmental Conditions:
Favorable climate conditions, such as mild temperatures, ample rainfall,
or scenic landscapes, can attract people to settle in an area and
foster settlement growth.
(vii) Security and Stability: Settlements
that provide a secure and stable environment are likely to experience
growth. A low crime rate, political stability, and effective law
enforcement create a conducive atmosphere for businesses to thrive,
families to settle, and overall population increase.
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Cultural Diversity: Nigeria is rich in cultural diversity with numerous ethnic groups, each having its own traditions, festivals, and customs. This cultural wealth attracts tourists interested in experiencing the vibrant and diverse cultural heritage of the country.
(ii) Natural Attractions: Nigeria boasts diverse and picturesque landscapes, including national parks, waterfalls, mountains, and beaches. Tourists are drawn to the natural beauty of places like the Aso Rock, Zuma Rock, Erin Ijesha Waterfall, and the Niger Delta region.
(iii) Historical and Architectural Sites: Nigeria has historical sites and architectural landmarks that appeal to history enthusiasts and tourists. Notable examples include the Ogbunike Caves, Sukur Cultural Landscape (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and ancient cities like Kano and Benin City.
(iv) Wildlife and Safari Tours: The country is home to various wildlife reserves and parks, offering opportunities for safari tours. Parks such as Yankari National Park in Bauchi and Cross River National Park are known for their diverse flora and fauna, attracting wildlife enthusiasts.
(v) Culinary Tourism: Nigerian cuisine is diverse and flavorful, reflecting the country's cultural richness. Tourists are often attracted to explore and savor traditional Nigerian dishes, contributing to the rise of culinary tourism.
(vi) Festivals and Events: Nigeria hosts a plethora of festivals and events throughout the year, celebrating cultural, religious, and historical occasions. Events like the Osun-Osogbo Festival, Argungu Fishing Festival, and the Calabar Carnival attract both domestic and international tourists.
(4c)
(PICK ANY TREE)
(i) Security Concerns: Security challenges, including incidents of terrorism, banditry, and kidnappings, have impacted the perception of safety in Nigeria. Such concerns discourage potential tourists from visiting the country.
(ii) Infrastructure Deficiency: Inadequate infrastructure, including poorly maintained roads, limited public transportation, and inconsistent power supply, poses challenges for tourists and hinders the overall tourism experience.
(iii) Poor Marketing and Promotion: Nigeria faces challenges in effectively marketing and promoting its tourist attractions on the global stage. Inadequate promotion efforts limit the visibility of Nigeria as a viable tourist destination.
(iv) Lack of Tourism Planning and Regulation: The absence of comprehensive tourism planning and regulatory frameworks can lead to uncoordinated development, negatively impacting the sustainability and management of tourist sites.
(v) Health and Sanitation Concerns: Issues related to health and sanitation, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure and concerns about diseases, can discourage potential tourists from choosing Nigeria as a destination.
(vi) Inadequate Tourist Facilities: The lack of well-developed tourist facilities, including accommodation, recreational centers, and information centers, hampers the overall tourist experience and limits the attractiveness of Nigeria as a tourism destination.
5a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Overcrowding:
Rapid population growth can lead to overcrowding in urban areas,
straining infrastructure and public services such as housing,
transportation, and healthcare.
(ii) Poverty: Rapid population growth
can exacerbate poverty rates as resources become stretched thin and job
opportunities may not keep up with the growing population.
(iii)
Unemployment: A rapidly growing population can result in high
unemployment rates, as there may not be enough jobs to meet the demands
of the expanding workforce.
(iv) Environmental degradation: Rapid
population growth can put additional pressure on natural resources and
lead to deforestation, pollution, and depletion of water sources,
impacting the environment and ecosystems.
(v) Inadequate healthcare:
With a rapidly growing population, there can be a strain on healthcare
systems, leading to inadequate access to medical facilities, healthcare
professionals, and essential medicines.
(vi) Social unrest: Rapid
population growth, combined with high levels of poverty and
unemployment, can create social tensions and lead to social unrest,
crime rates, and conflicts over limited resources.
(5b)
(i)
Environmental conditions: The Niger Delta region is characterized by a
challenging environment, including marshlands, swamps, and mangrove
forests, which makes it less suitable for large-scale habitation.
(ii)
Oil industry activities: The Niger Delta region is a major hub for oil
extraction and production, which has led to environmental degradation,
pollution, and health concerns. These factors might discourage people
from residing in the area.
(iii) Insecurity: The Niger Delta region
has also faced security challenges, such as militancy and conflicts
related to the control of oil resources, which may deter people from
settling in the region.
(iv) Lack of infrastructure: The region
suffers from inadequate infrastructure, including roads, electricity,
and healthcare facilities, making it less attractive for people to live
and work in compared to other regions of Nigeria.
(v) Limited
economic opportunities: The Niger Delta region, despite being rich in
natural resources, has not seen significant economic development and
diversification. Limited job opportunities and income potential might
discourage people from living in the area.
(vi) Historical
marginalization: The Niger Delta region has faced a history of
marginalization and neglect by the government, resulting in poor
governance, limited social amenities, and a lack of development
initiatives, contributing to low population density in the region.
B. 2023 WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY OBJECTIVES (OBJ) ANSWERS | 6TH DECEMBER, 2023
1-10: DBCADBBAAD11-20: DBDBAABAAD
21-30: DDABBDCCDC
31-40: DCCAABDCBC
41-50: BDAABADBBC
D. 2023 WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL ANSWERS | 6TH DECEMBER, 2023
NUMBER THREE
(3a)
(i) Hydraulic action
(ii) Abrasion
(iii) Corrosion
(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Wide and flat valley: As the river approaches its mouth, the valley widens and flattens, creating a broad floodplain.
(ii)
Meanders: The river forms large bends called meanders as it flows
through the flat valley. This is due to the lower gradient and slower
flow of water.
(iii) Oxbow lakes: Over time, meanders can erode
through adjacent land, cutting off a loop of the river and forming an
oxbow lake.
(iv) Delta: In the lower course, where the river meets a
body of water, such as a lake or the ocean, it may form a delta. A delta
is a triangular-shaped deposit of sediment that builds up over time.
(v) Slower flow: The gradient of the river decreases in the lower course, resulting in a slower flow of water.
(vi)
Increased deposition: Due to the reduced flow velocity, the river loses
its ability to carry sediment, leading to increased deposition of
sediment on the floodplain and in the delta.
(3c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i)
Coriolis effect: The rotation of the Earth causes moving air and water
to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left
in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect influences global wind patterns
and ocean currents.
(ii) Day and night cycle: The rotation of the
Earth on its axis causes the alternation between day and night. This
cycle of sunlight and darkness affects the temperature and biological
activities on Earth.
(iii) Formation of tides: The gravitational pull
of the moon and the rotation of the Earth cause the formation of ocean
tides. As the Earth rotates, the gravitational forces change, resulting
in the rise and fall of sea levels.
(iv) Geostrophic wind flow: Due
to the rotation of the Earth, the balance between the pressure gradient
force and the Coriolis effect results in the formation of geostrophic
winds, which are large-scale horizontal winds found in the upper
atmosphere.
NUMBER FOUR
(4)
(i) Rock
pedestal: A rock pedestal forms through the process of differential
weathering and erosion. It starts with a large rock formation that is
exposed to different weathering agents, such as wind, water, and ice.
These agents gradually erode the rock formation, but they do not erode
the entire rock at the same rate. Certain parts of the rock are more
resistant to erosion compared to others. As a result, these resistant
parts remain standing while the surrounding rock erodes away. Over time,
this differential erosion creates a rock pedestal, where a smaller and
narrower column of rock is left standing on a wider base. This pedestal
can take on various shapes depending on the type of rock and the
specific erosional processes involved. Some rock pedestals may have a
mushroom-like appearance, with a larger cap on top and a narrower stem
at the base. Others may have a more columnar or conical shape. The
formation of rock pedestals is commonly observed in areas with soft or
layered rock formations, such as sandstone, limestone, or shale.
(ii)
Stack: A stack is formed through a combination of weathering, erosion,
and wave action in coastal areas. It starts with a headland, which is a
rocky promontory projecting into the sea. The waves continuously crash
against the base of the headland, undercutting and weakening the rock.
Over time, this process of hydraulic action, abrasion, and corrosion
causes the rock to erode and form a wave-cut notch at the base of the
headland. Eventually, the notch becomes deeper and wider, resulting in
the collapse of the upper part of the headland. The detached rock mass
then forms a stack, which is a vertical column of rock standing
separately from the headland. Stacks can vary in height and shape
depending on the geological characteristics of the area. While they are
initially connected to the mainland, stacks are often found in clusters
or are eventually separated by further erosion, forming isolated sea
stacks.
NUMBER FIVE
(5a)
Mass wasting
refers to the downslope movement of a mass of rock, soil, or debris
under the influence of gravity. It is a natural geological process that
occurs continuously, resulting in the gradual erosion and shaping of
landforms.
(5b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Steep slope gradients:
Steeper slopes have weaker stability and are more prone to mass
wasting. Gravity has a stronger pull on materials on steep slopes,
increasing the likelihood of movement.
(ii) Saturation of the
material: When the soil or rock becomes saturated with water, it loses
its strength and cohesion, making it easier for gravity to overcome the
frictional forces holding it in place.
(iii) Weathering and erosion:
The process of weathering weakens the composition of rocks and soil,
making them more susceptible to mass wasting. Erosion also removes
support from lower layers, making them more prone to movement.
(iv)
Presence of weak or loose material: Loose soils, such as clay and silt,
or weak rocks, like shale, are more likely to experience mass wasting
due to reduced stability and a higher potential for internal movement.
(v)
Earthquakes and seismic activity: Vibrations from earthquakes and other
seismic activities can trigger mass wasting by shaking or destabilizing
the material, causing it to slide or slump.
(vi) Human activities:
Construction, excavation, deforestation, and other human activities can
alter the natural slope stability, removing vegetation cover, altering
drainage patterns, and creating weaknesses in the landscape, leading to
increased susceptibility to mass wasting.
(5c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i)
Property damage and infrastructure destruction: Mass wasting can damage
or destroy buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure, leading
to financial losses and disruption of communities.
(ii) Loss of life
and injury: Mass wasting events can be sudden and unexpected, causing
fatalities, injuries, and displacing people from their homes.
(iii)
Geological hazards: Mass wasting can create geological hazards, such as
landslides or mudslides, which can block rivers and streams, leading to
flooding and the downstream destruction of ecosystems and habitats.
(iv)
Soil erosion: Continuous mass wasting can result in the loss of fertile
topsoil, which is essential for agriculture and vegetation growth. This
can lead to reduced agricultural productivity, soil degradation, and
decreased biodiversity.
(7a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Sahara Desert in North Africa
(ii) Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula
(iii) Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States
(iv) Atacama Desert in Chile
(v) Gobi Desert in Mongolia and China
(7b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) High temperatures: Hot deserts are characterized by extremely high temperatures, often reaching above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) during the day.
(ii) Low humidity: Deserts have very low levels of humidity, which means that the air is dry.
(iii) Scarce rainfall: Hot deserts receive very little rainfall, often less than 10 inches per year. This lack of rain contributes to the arid conditions.
(iv) Wide temperature fluctuations: Deserts experience significant temperature variations between day and night. While the days are scorching hot, the nights can be freezing cold.
(v) Strong winds: Deserts are known for their strong winds that can cause sandstorms and erosion. These winds can further contribute to the dryness and harshness of the climate.
(7c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Deep root systems: Desert plants often have extensive root systems that reach deep into the ground to access water sources deep below the surface.
(ii) Succulent leaves and stems: Some desert plants store water in their leaves or stems, which helps them survive during extended periods of drought.
(iii) Protective structures: Many desert plants have adaptations such as thorns, spines, or tough, waxy outer coverings to protect themselves from predators and reduce water loss through evaporation.
(iv) Reduced leaf surface area: Desert plants often have small, needle-like leaves or no leaves at all. This helps to minimize water loss through transpiration.
(v) CAM photosynthesis: Some desert plants use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, which allows them to take in carbon dioxide at night and store it for use during the day. This reduces water loss by limiting their need to open their stomata in the heat of the day.
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