![2024 NECO History (Essay & OBJ) Answers [2nd July]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9f_kgZHkpwe3ZGRMKuPnGA-VD_OOBrZ8lPvbX2Ck7LqE2bxJno-zybxRraBaMGmR8NR5aUR9yODXkyg5Pk9H4I4xkxcu0GZSMrd5rmqt4Rgu31igdvKf2KMReKipXCIFKpgGzlPwI3rw/s1600/NECO.jpg "2024 NECO History (Essay & OBJ) Answers [2nd July]")
Tuesday, 2nd July 2024
History (Objective & Essay)
10:00am – 1:00pm
A. 2024 NECO HISTORY OBJECTIVES (OBJ) ANSWERS:
11-20: BECCEEBDBB
21-30: CECDAEABCB
31-40: CBBEDCACAD
41-50: BBEACBDABB
51-60: ACCEAADBDA
B. 2024 NECO HISTORY ESSAY (THEORY) ANSWERS:
(1)
(i) Incomplete Record: Archaeological evidence is often
fragmentary and incomplete. Many sites have been disturbed by natural
processes, human activities, or simply have not been discovered yet.
This can lead to gaps in the historical record that archaeology alone
cannot fill.
(ii) Lack of Written Records: Unlike written
sources, which can provide detailed accounts of events, individuals, and
dates, archaeological evidence often lacks specific chronological
information. This can make it difficult to establish precise timelines
and understand the broader context of historical developments.
(iii)
Cultural Bias: Archaeologists may bring their own cultural biases to
their interpretations, which can affect their understanding and
presentation of the past. This can lead to misinterpretations or an
incomplete picture of the historical realities of Nigerian societies.
(iv)
Destruction of Sites: Modern development, looting, and environmental
factors can destroy archaeological sites before they are studied,
resulting in a permanent loss of historical information. In Nigeria,
urbanization and infrastructure projects pose significant threats to
archaeological sites.
(v) Technological Limitations: Despite
advances in technology, there are still limits to what archaeological
methods can reveal. For instance, organic materials like wood, cloth,
and certain types of food often do not survive well in the
archaeological record, leading to a bias toward more durable materials
like stone, ceramics, and metals.
(2)
(i) Monarchical System: The Itsekiri society was organized under a
centralized monarchical system. The king, known as the Olu of Warri,
was the paramount ruler and the central figure in the political
hierarchy. The Olu held significant religious and political authority,
and his position was hereditary, often passing from father to son or to
another member of the royal lineage.
(ii) Council of Chiefs:
Supporting the Olu was a council of chiefs known as the Ojoye. This
council included high-ranking officials and elders from various Itsekiri
communities. The chiefs advised the Olu on matters of governance,
justice, and administration. They also played key roles in the
implementation of laws and the resolution of disputes.
(iii) Clan
Structure: The Itsekiri were organized into clans, each led by a clan
head or elder. These clan heads were responsible for the administration
of their respective clans, including the management of land and
resources, and the welfare of clan members. The clan system helped
maintain social order and cohesion within the Itsekiri society.
(iv)
Village Administration: At the local level, villages were governed by
village heads who oversaw daily administrative functions and ensured the
implementation of the Olu’s directives. Village heads worked in
collaboration with elders and other influential figures in the community
to maintain peace and order.
(v) Social Hierarchy: Itsekiri
society was stratified, with the royal family and nobility occupying the
highest social ranks. Below them were the commoners, who engaged in
various occupations such as fishing, farming, and trading. Social
mobility was limited, and one’s social status was largely determined by
birth and lineage.
(vi) Economic Activities: The Itsekiri were
engaged in various economic activities, including fishing, farming, and
trade. They were known for their involvement in regional and
long-distance trade, particularly in the exchange of goods such as salt,
fish, and palm oil. The Itsekiri also had early interactions with
European traders, which influenced their economic practices and provided
access to foreign goods.
(vi) Cultural and Religious Practices:
The Itsekiri had a rich cultural heritage, with traditional religious
beliefs centered around the worship of deities and ancestors. The Olu
played a significant role in religious ceremonies and rituals, which
were important for maintaining social cohesion and ensuring the
community’s prosperity.
(vii) Military Organization: The Itsekiri
had a well-organized military structure to defend their territory and
interests. The military was led by war chiefs and included various
age-grade groups who were responsible for different aspects of defense
and warfare.
(3)
(i) Oba (King): The Oba was the absolute ruler of the empire. He held divine authority and controlled all aspects of government.
(ii)
Palace Chiefs: The Oba was assisted by a council of palace chiefs,
including the Iyase (prime minister), Esogban (commander-in-chief), and
Oliha (chief eunuch).
(iii) District Heads: The empire was divided
into districts, each led by a district head responsible for local
administration and revenue collection.
(iv) Village Headmen: Villages were governed by headmen who were responsible for local affairs and maintaining order.
(v)
Guilds and Professional Associations: Skilled craftsmen, traders, and
professionals formed guilds and associations that regulated their
activities and played a role in social organization.
(vi) System of
Taxation: The Benin Empire had a well-established system of taxation,
with tributes collected from conquered territories and local
communities.
(vii) Legal and Judicial System: The Oba and his chiefs had the power to adjudicate disputes and mete out punishments.
(viii)
Military Organization: The Benin Empire maintained a powerful army,
known for its skilled warriors and effective military tactics.
(4)
(i)
Trade Networks: Islamic traders and merchants from North Africa and the
Sahel region traveled along trans-Saharan trade routes, bringing goods
such as textiles, spices, and luxury items to Yorubaland. These traders
often settled in trading centers and cities, where they engaged in
commerce and interacted with local populations. Through these
interactions, they introduced Islamic beliefs, practices, and ideas to
the Yoruba people.
(ii) Political Alliances: Islamic states and
empires, such as the Sokoto Caliphate and the Mali Empire, established
diplomatic and trade relations with Yoruba kingdoms and city-states.
These relationships often included treaties, marriages, and alliances
between rulers, which helped in the gradual acceptance of Islam. Local
rulers sometimes converted to Islam as a means of solidifying these
alliances and gaining access to military support or trade benefits from
Islamic states.
(iii) Scholarly Influence: Islamic scholars and
teachers, known as ulama, played a crucial role in spreading Islamic
knowledge and education in Yorubaland. They taught Arabic, Islamic
jurisprudence, theology, and other subjects in madrasas (Islamic
schools) established in urban centers and court circles. The influence
of these scholars extended beyond formal education, as they also advised
rulers on matters of governance and religious affairs.
(iv)
Cultural Adaptation: Islam accommodated local customs and traditions,
allowing for a gradual integration into Yoruba society. For example,
Islamic festivals and rituals were often adapted to align with existing
Yoruba cultural practices and beliefs. This flexibility made Islam more
accessible and acceptable to the Yoruba people, facilitating its spread
over time.
(v) Social Mobility: Conversion to Islam sometimes
offered social and economic advantages. Islamic education provided
opportunities for upward mobility, as educated individuals could serve
as administrators, judges, or advisors in Islamic states or within
Yoruba kingdoms that adopted Islamic principles. This created incentives
for individuals and communities to embrace Islam as a means of
improving their social status and access to resources.
(vi)
Military Conquests: While not the primary factor, military campaigns by
Islamic states and empires occasionally led to the expansion of Islam
into new territories, including parts of Yorubaland. These conquests
often resulted in the establishment of Islamic political authority,
which influenced the spread of Islamic beliefs and practices among local
populations.
(5)
European explorers encountered several
challenges and problems during their exploration of Nigeria,
particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of the key
difficulties they faced include:
(i) Geographical and
Environmental Challenges: Nigeria's diverse geography presented
obstacles to exploration. Dense rainforests in the south and rugged
terrain in the east made travel difficult and exploration arduous.
Navigating the rivers, such as the Niger River and its tributaries,
required specialized knowledge and often resulted in delays and
setbacks.
(ii) Climate and Diseases: The tropical climate of
Nigeria, characterized by high temperatures and humidity, posed health
risks to European explorers who were susceptible to tropical diseases
such as malaria, yellow fever, and dysentery. These diseases were
prevalent in many parts of Nigeria and often debilitated or killed
explorers and their crews.
(iii) Resistance from Indigenous
Peoples: Indigenous peoples in Nigeria were often wary of European
explorers, viewing them as intruders or potential threats to their
territories and ways of life. Resistance to European exploration could
be violent, with skirmishes and conflicts occurring between explorers
and local communities who sought to protect their land and resources.
(iv)
Language and Cultural Barriers: Communication difficulties arose due to
language barriers between European explorers and indigenous populations
who spoke various languages and dialects. This hindered effective
interaction, negotiation, and understanding of local customs, governance
structures, and societal norms.
(v) Political Instability and
Competition: Nigeria, with its diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms,
experienced political instability and competition among local rulers and
factions. European explorers often found themselves navigating complex
political landscapes, where alliances could shift rapidly and access to
resources and territories was contested.
(vii) Technological
Limitations: Despite advancements in technology during the 19th century,
European explorers still faced limitations in terms of navigational
tools, medical treatments, and communications equipment.
(6)
(i)
Islamic Ideology and Leadership: The Sokoto Caliphate was founded on
the principles of Islam, with its leaders promoting the idea of a
unified Islamic state governed by Sharia law. This ideological unity
provided a common purpose and identity among the emirates that rallied
behind the caliph's leadership.
(ii) Military Campaigns and
Conquests: The Sokoto Caliphate expanded through military conquests led
by leaders like Usman dan Fodio and his successors. Successful military
campaigns against rival kingdoms and emirates not only expanded the
territory of the caliphate but also asserted its authority over
neighboring regions.
(iii) Administrative Structure: The
caliphate established a centralized administrative structure with
appointed officials and administrators responsible for governance,
taxation, justice, and security. This centralized system helped in
maintaining order and enforcing the authority of the caliphate across
its territories.
(iv) Religious and Scholarly Influence: Islamic
scholars (ulama) played a crucial role in the Sokoto Caliphate,
providing religious guidance, education, and legitimacy to the
caliphate's rule. The ulama helped in disseminating Islamic teachings,
resolving religious disputes, and reinforcing the caliphate's authority
based on religious principles.
(v) Trade and Economic
Integration: The caliphate encouraged trade and economic activities
within its territories, fostering economic integration and mutual
dependencies among the emirates. Trade routes were secured, markets
regulated, and economic policies standardized, contributing to the
cohesion of the caliphate.
(vi) Cultural and Social Cohesion:
Shared cultural norms, traditions, and languages, as well as
intermarriages among ruling families, contributed to social cohesion
among the emirates. Cultural exchanges and communal practices further
solidified the identity of being part of the Sokoto Caliphate.
(vi)
Alliances and Diplomacy: The caliphate formed alliances with
neighboring states and emirates, either through diplomacy, treaties, or
marriage alliances. These alliances helped in consolidating power,
managing external threats, and expanding influence over a broader
geographical area.
(7)
(i) Administrative Efficiency: The
British combined the Northern and Southern Protectorates to make
governing easier. Running two separate regions was complicated. A single
administration allowed for smoother and more efficient management.
(ii)
Economic Balance: The Northern Protectorate was not as economically
strong and struggled with revenue. On the other hand, the Southern
Protectorate, especially around Lagos, was economically prosperous. By
merging the two regions, the British could use the wealth of the south
to support the north, making the colony financially stable.
(iii)
Infrastructure Development: The British wanted to build a railway
connecting the north and south to improve the movement of goods and
resources. A unified Nigeria made it easier to plan and fund these
infrastructure projects, which were vital for economic growth.
(iv)
Political Control: Combining the two regions helped the British
strengthen their control over Nigeria. A single administration made it
easier to enforce laws and maintain order. It also reduced the chance of
regional conflicts and resistance to British rule, leading to a more
stable government.
(v) Strategic and Geopolitical Interests: A
united Nigeria was more important for British interests in West Africa.
It allowed them to have a stronger presence in the region and better
manage the territory’s resources. This helped the British secure their
dominance and counter the influence of other European powers.
(8)
(i)
Ethnic Tensions: Nigeria is home to numerous ethnic groups, with the
three largest being the Igbo in the southeast, the Yoruba in the
southwest, and the Hausa-Fulani in the north. Ethnic divisions and
rivalries were exacerbated by British colonial rule, which often favored
one group over another. After independence in 1960, these tensions
intensified, leading to distrust and competition for political power
among the different ethnic groups.
(ii) Regional Disparities:
Economic and developmental disparities between regions contributed to
tensions. The north was less economically developed compared to the more
prosperous south. This imbalance created feelings of marginalization
among the regions, particularly in the southeast, where the Igbo felt
they were not receiving their fair share of the country's resources and
development projects.
(iii) Political Instability: Nigeria
experienced significant political instability after gaining
independence. The First Republic (1963-1966) was marked by corruption,
election rigging, and political violence. In January 1966, a coup led by
mostly Igbo military officers overthrew the government, resulting in
the assassination of several northern political leaders. This coup was
perceived as an attempt by the Igbo to dominate the country, leading to a
counter-coup in July 1966 by northern officers, which further deepened
ethnic divisions.
(iv) Military Coups: The two military coups in
1966 created an environment of fear and uncertainty. The first coup,
perceived as Igbo-dominated, led to widespread anti-Igbo sentiments in
the north, resulting in violent pogroms where thousands of Igbos were
killed, and many more fled to their eastern homeland. The subsequent
counter-coup led to the killing of the Igbo-led government leaders,
which heightened ethnic animosities and distrust.
(v) Secession
of Biafra: The culmination of ethnic tensions, political instability,
and economic disparities led the southeastern region to declare
independence as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967, under the
leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu. The Nigerian
government, led by General Yakubu Gowon, rejected the secession, leading
to the outbreak of war as the federal government sought to maintain
Nigeria's territorial integrity.
(vi) Control of Oil Resources:
Oil was (and remains) a significant economic resource for Nigeria, and
much of it was located in the southeastern region. Control over these
oil-rich areas was a critical factor in the conflict. The federal
government was determined to keep the region within Nigeria to maintain
access to oil revenues, while Biafra sought control over these resources
to support its bid for independence.
(i) Creation of States: Gowon's regime implemented the first major reorganization of Nigeria’s political structure by creating 12 states from the original 4 regions in 1967. This was aimed at promoting national unity and reducing regional tensions.
(ii) Restoration of Peace and Stability: Gowon’s leadership played a crucial role in the end of the Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970). His administration pursued a policy of “No Victor, No Vanquished,” which aimed at fostering reconciliation and healing among the warring factions.
(iii) Economic Development: Under Gowon's administration, the Green Revolution was launched to boost agricultural production and achieve self-sufficiency in food. This initiative led to improvements in agricultural practices and increased food production.
(iv) National Reconciliation and Reconstruction: Gowon’s regime focused on the reconstruction of war-torn regions, particularly in the Eastern part of Nigeria. The government invested in rebuilding infrastructure, including roads, schools, and hospitals.
(v) Educational Reforms: The Gowon administration made significant investments in the education sector, including the establishment of new universities and the expansion of educational facilities at various levels.
(vi) Establishment of National Agencies: Several important national institutions and agencies were established during Gowon’s tenure, including the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in 1973, which was aimed at promoting national integration and fostering unity among Nigerian youths.
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History answers
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