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Literature-in-English Paper I (Objective & Prose) 12.30pm – 2:30pm (2hrs)
2022 NABTEB LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH (THEORY) ANSWERS:
Answer Only ONE question from each part
PART I (1-4)
PART II (5-8)
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PART I
(Answer ONE Question this part)
(1)
Adah’s life is filled with dashed hope and disillusionment and same is exhibited in the play on her struggle and sufferings.
Adah’s entire life is a book of struggle from childhood to adolescence and eventual adulthood, where all her suffering and struggles which she got a dashed hope that led to divorce. It is apparent that Adah sets forth at dawn at a very tender age to face her life’s dashed hope and struggle squarely, to be her own woman. At eight, she is still in the house, lazy around, for she is not considered by her parents to be in school because their beliefs don’t permit a girl’s education. Boys are only suitable and allowed to acquire education and Boy, her only brother is duly registered early enough in an expensive school which got her hope for same education opportunity dashed and mudded. Adah struggles for a hopeful life and mischievously drags herself to school one morning before Ma suddenly realizes that she must be in school. This happens when Ma is punished for neglecting Adah and she receives some strokes of canes from Pa for Ma’s benefit.
Adah continues in her struggle to to a better hope actualize all her dreams including that of a good education, but not without setbacks. Just a few months after she starts school. Pa goes to the hospital but is corpse is brought home, for burial. Ma is inherited by Pa’s brother and Boy is set out to live with Pa’s cousins and a hundred pounds would be spent on Boy’s education, his bright future is therefore secured. Adah’s dream of education would have been deferred but somebody points out that the longer she stays at school, the bigger the bride price, her future husband pays for her and after all, she is too young for marriage. The only alternative for Adah is to work in a man’s house who treats her as a servant-cum slave. She starts her work in the morning as earlier as four-thirty to fetch water and clean the house, So she is happy for being given the opportunity of survival, she does not waste time thinking about its rights or wrongs, she just has to survive and finish school.
However, hardship and lack get a better part of Adah when she is about to write her entrance examination. She decides to commit a horrible atrocity of lying by using the two shillings cousin Vincent gave her to buy meat from the market to pay for the entrance examination. She consequently receives a hundred and three strokes of koboko from Mr. Vincent. “You are the greatest mystery the good God has ever created (23) the headmaster compliments Adah for not only passed the entrance examination, but she also got a scholarship with a full board.
Adah’s eventual marriage to Francis is not without trials and tribulations, financial distress and misfortune, suffering and troubles. Her mother and other members of her family could not come to the wedding because Francis is too poor to pay the money they asked for as bride price because Adah is a “College trained bride. Francis’s mother will need to sign with her thump as a witness since they could not also afford a ring. They have to go home and come back the next day before they could be joined as husband and wife the problem of lack of support from her husband who has refused to work to contribute to the family.
Another mountain to climb is the problem of racism and housing when Adah and her family is eventually injected from their house as a result of racial discrimination without any offense. The only offense they committed is because they are blacks, their endless search for an accommodation yields little or no effort until they settle for a slum owned by Mr. Noble, a Nigeria. Her trouble continues until her final separation from Francis who physically and emotionally violates her.
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(2)
Francis appears not to be a good match to Adah because in terms of character and approach to life, they are two parallel lines. Though, he is originally an instrument in helping Adah achieve her dreams by moving to London, but it becomes apparent that he is a dreamer who goes about thinking manna will fall for heaven. Francis proves himself otherwise when he burns the manuscript of Adah’s first novel.
Francis is visionless and dogmatic. This means that he’s careless and does not seem to be bothered about how to improve on the well-being of his wife and family, he’s only interested in giving birth to those children. Francis is not also interested in getting a reasonable job in order to contribute his own quota to the family, but rather he becomes the big distraction to Ada’s dream.
Also, he is violent and cannot serve as a role model to his children. He physically and emotionally bullies maltreats, and beats Adah, especially when Adah tries to persuade him to get a job. To Adah, Francis is like a parasite who depends on its host to feed, for Francis depends on Adah’s salary to travel to London and still depends on her for many years over there. In England, his lifestyle is now characterized by gross antisocial behavior, a feeling of inferiority, laziness utter irresponsibility.
Francis refuses to takes up any job to contribute his quota to the uplift of the family. Francis does nothing to promote the well-being of the family and has no mind of his own. He writes back home often to her parents over issues that can be resolved by both of them. Such a situation occurs when he discovers that Adah has obtained a family-planning method without his consent.
To Francis, a woman in a marriage is a second–class human, to sleep with any time, every day, father numerous children and abandon them and if she refuses, beat her to submission. They are meant to wash clothes and have the man’s meals ready at any nighttime, and there is no need to have an intelligent conversation with her since she is senseless and has no idea what to offer. Her dream of becoming a writer is punctured by Francis who feels that his family won’t be happy if his wife is permitted to write a book.
The only thing that she gets for being the breadwinner of her family is maltreatment, beating, assault, insult, abandonment and rejection. Francis refuses to care about his children, for he also rejects them at the last minutes in court and also wishes them bad when he says “I don’t mind their being sent for adaption”Therefore, the union between Adah and Francis is loveless according to Adah because Francis refuses to see things in her point of view to care and respect the family. Adah vows to do everything to bring up her five children since Francis has refused to contribute to their maintenance before they finally part ways.
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(3)
Marshak is Nii’s friend who is a fugitive prostitute. Nii met her at the Hotel Irohin while Nii was working as a slave in cassava farm. Her father was shot dead during the revolution at home and all their properties confiscated. The revolutionaries claimed that her father was a reactionary and a saboteur. Her mother and her two sisters were smuggled across the border at Elubo, and they are now in the Ivory Coast. Marshak submits upon meeting Nii. Marshak has made a decision to be a change person and get married someday. She may be a prostitute but the most important thing to her is that she wants to be free. She is looking for an opportunity to mend and redeem herself from a life of filth imposed on her by circumstances at home.
One unfortunate thing happens to Marshak that Nii would live to remember. Marshak finds it difficult to change her ways. She continues to play ball with men, even some immigration officers were her customers. Nii visit her on that fateful day and meets her in the pool of her own blood and he’s informed that she attempts to abort a baby but Nii still believes that she takes her own life.
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PART II
(Answer ONE Question this part)
(5)
Catherine is the daughter of Mr. Earnshaw who falls in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home from Liverpool. Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. However the desire for advancement motivates her to marry Edger Linton instead Catherine is free-spirited spoilt and often arrogant. She is given to fits of anger and she is torn between her wild passion for Healthcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both men who love her.
Despite she dies halfway through the novel, Catherine is defined by her struggle between her love for the wild Heathcliff and her relationship with proper Edgar, and in death she exudes enduring power on Heathcliff all the way until his death.
Her transformation begins when she’s attacked by one of the Linton’s dogs spending five weeks recovering at Thrushcross Grange. She undergoes a dramatic transformation into a proud proper young lady. She begins a romance with Edgar Linton despite she is still in love with Heathcliff, as she confesses to the housekeeper, Ellen. This makes her very gullible. When Heathcliff eavesdrops, only to hear Catherine says she can’t marry Heathcliff because it would degrade her and he leaves for three years.
Catherine maintained an impressive and powerful presence in the novel even after her death. Both of them explore their surrounding together and share each other’s feelings. Catherine believes she can find all the pleasures of life with Edgar but Heathcliff’s love remains alive in her heart’ desire, but instead she goes for the one her mind suggested.
She is intensely passionate and generally finds it difficult to withhold her emotions or hide her passion. When it comes to her marriage, she grows self-centered and decides to marry Edgar in the hope of a better life. She had never feel the kind of intense love that she had felt for Heathcliff and afterwards she laments her decision. She ends up getting bound in a relationship where she left everything but not the kind of love she wanted in her life.
Ellen describes her as being defiant, unruly, adventurous and still adorable. Her stubbornness becomes the cause of all her sorrows.
Whereas, Isabella is the sister of Edgar, the wife of Heathcliff and Linton’s mother Isabella is said to be infatuated with Heathcliff. Soon Catherine and Isabella begin to quarrel over Heathcliff when Isabella remarks “ I Love him than ever you loved Edgar; and he might love me, if you would let me” Isabella wrongly believes that Catherine is in love with Heathcliff and that she is preventing Heathcliff from loving her, Isabella experiences Heathcliff’s brutality first hand. She flees to Linton where she gives birth to Heathcliff son.
She seems too weak and spoilt, Her upbringing protects her from any true understanding of evil and she is always in the shadow of Catherine stronger personality, to which she is foil. She is described in chapter 10 as “a charming young lady of eighteen infantile in manners through possessed of keen wilt keen feelings and keen temper, if irritated”. Soon, Heathcliff begins to maltreat her which is not contrary to Edgar’s earlier warning. After several months of their marriage, Isabella then realizes her mistakes and she therefore sends a long letter detailing her hostility and hatred. for Heathcliff who has made it clear that he married her only because he is now the heir to the Grange. Isabella grow to despise her vengeful, tyrant husband. She blames the death of Catherine on Heathcliff. This infuriate Heathcliff to a deep and passionate anger, which results in yet another brawl between himself and Hindley, Seeing it as a chance to flee, Isabella escapes. Wuthering Heights and her disastrous, terrifying marriage one and for all.
Isabella is witty, sensitive, temperamental and shallow; she has a capacity for strong attachments, as shown in her falling hopelessly in love with Heathcliff, who in turn takes advantage of her blind affections, leading them both into their tormenting marriage.
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(6)
(i) Heathcliff:
Heathcliff is the villain hero of the novel because the story centers on him. He is also Byronic hero, that is a type of romantic hero with dark character, blooding ostracized from society in some way. He is the foster son of Mr, Earnshaw, foster brother of Hindley and Catherine, husband of Isabella and father of Linton. Mr. Earnshaw finally finds him on the street of Liverpool and brings him home to Wuthering Heights. He falls in love with Catherine, and it leads him to control and belittle or manipulate nearly everyone around him. Despite his many lovable deeds, he is not a complete bad guy. He is a poor orphan who finds material success but not what he really wants-the love of Catherine.
Heathcliff suffers in the hands of Hindley when his foster father Mr. Earneshaw dies. He abuses Heathcliff and treats him as a servant, because of his desire for social status, Catherine marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff, His humiliation and misery prompts him to spend the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindley, his beloved Catherine and their respective children, Hareton and young Catherine.
Heathcliff is a powerful, fierce and often a cruel man, He acquires a fortune and used his extra ordinary power of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton. Heathcliff is also very class conscious, his desire to marry Catherine is born out of a decision to elevate his social status.
He is also very vindictive; he is a complete believer of eye for an eye ideology. Although he and Catherine Earnshaw profess that they complement each other, he spends most of his life contemplating and acting out revenge. He is abusive, brutal and cruel. His act of revenge is based on his lost position at wuthering heights, his loss of Catherine to Edgar. Heathcliff hates deeply as he loves.
To everyone but Catherine and Hareton, Heathcliff seems to be an inhuman monster or even incarnate evil. He is a man of stormy emotions who hates humanity because he has lost out as a rebellious hero who function as law unto himself. He is both despicable and pitiable.
(ii) Linton:
Edgar linton is Catherine’s husband and Heathcliff’s foil, both in terms of personality and also physical appearance. Edgar is youthful, slender and soft featured with fair skin and blue eyes. Edgar is more well-mannered than Heathcliff.
Edgar Linton is a relatively kind, moral and good-mannered individual. Although to be fair, Heathcliff is a bully. So he never really got the chance to develop appropriate manners. Edger also, has a weak personality as opposed to Heathcliff’s savage tyrannical nature.
Edgar is not passionate, mysterious or brooding unlike Heathcliff. He is basically a decent and faithful guy, which for purpose of the story makes him a little boring. He is well dressed, well behaved and rich, living a pampered life down at Thrushcross Grange, Edgar really does not have much to worry about. His attitude towards Heathcliff is one of extreme superiority, because he represents a chance for social elevation. This attracts him to Catherine because Edgar is rich, a gentleman, ever wiling to pamper and adore her.
Edgar seems to have a masochistic streak (enjoyment some people find unpleasant). The narrator describes him as she puts it, “He possessed the power to depart as much as a cut possesses the power to leave a mouse half killed or a bird half eaten”. He is weak and gullible because disflowing his sister, Isabella for marrying Heathcliff does not make any sense, and he appears like a fool for believing Cathy’s marriage to Linton Heathcliff could work. He represents the typical Victorian hero, possessing qualities of constancy and tenderness, however, and a non-emotional intellectual, He loves Catherine but love alone is not enough to sustain their relationship. He ends up losing everything his wife, his sister, his daughter and his home to Heathcliff because most times good does not always overcome evil.
(iii) Hareton:
Hareton is the son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw Hareton is Catherine’s nephew. After Hindley’s death, Heathcliff takes custody of Hareton, and raises him as an uneducated field worker, just as Hindley had done to Heathcliff himself. Thus Heathcliff pushes Hareton to seek revenge on Hindley, Illiterate and quick tempered, Hareton is easily humiliated, but shows a good heart and a deep desire to improve himself. Hareton is Heathcliff’s revenge target. Firstly, Hareton’s father, Hindley had maltreated. Heathcliff badly after Hareton’s mother, Frances died. Heathcliff is jealous of the attention that Hareton got during that time. He treats Hareton badly.
After Linton’s death Cathy and Hareton have a tense relationship. At the end of the novel, we find out that Heathcliff is dead and Cathy and Hareton now own wuthering heights – free of Heathcliff’s negatively, the love between Cathy and Hareton transform the house when Hareton marries Young Catherine.
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(7)
It was at the Golden day bar that Narton gets drunk and becomes unconscious/ The narrator brings Mr. Norton to the Golden Day Bar, because going into town would take too long. Along the way, the narrator drives past the veterans on their way to the bar as well. he convinces the patrons to let him in by convincing them that Norton is an army general, thinking the bar is not a reputable one. The narrator leaves Mr. Norton in the car and goes into the bar to get a drink for him. Hally, the bartender would not allow him inside, the narrator returns to find Norton unconscious, and afraid he’s dying. Hally pushes everyone aside and pours whiskey into his throat to revive him.
Mr. Norton becomes drunk again and still fails into an unconscious state. He does not know what to do this time. He’s taken upstairs to be examined by a vet, who claims to be a doctor. Norton and the narrator finally exit to Golden Day and drive back to the campus.
While driving back, the narrator is filled with fear over how Dr. Bledsoe will react to the events which occurred on the drive. Visions or the memories of Tatlock and Trueblood flash through his mind along with the Norton that the campus and the ideas of the founder are only the identities he has. Bledsoe is shocked to learn that the narrator took Norton back to the poor quarters. He apologizes for the narrator’s actions but refuses to listen to Norton’s and the narrator’s protest. The narrator is told to go to his dorm and stay in the chapel. Norton promises to explain as the narrator goes back to his room to mull over the day.
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