![2026 NECO Biology (OBJ & Essay) Answers [29th June]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9f_kgZHkpwe3ZGRMKuPnGA-VD_OOBrZ8lPvbX2Ck7LqE2bxJno-zybxRraBaMGmR8NR5aUR9yODXkyg5Pk9H4I4xkxcu0GZSMrd5rmqt4Rgu31igdvKf2KMReKipXCIFKpgGzlPwI3rw/s1600/NECO.jpg "2026 NECO Biology (OBJ & Essay) Answers [29th June]")
A. 2026 NECO BIOLOGY (OBJECTIVES) ANSWERS:
1.
Which of the following organelles is osmoregulatory in function?
✅ A. Contractile vacuole
2.
An association between two organisms in which one benefits without causing harm to the other is
✅ E. Commensalism
3.
The part of tongue that is sensitive to bitter taste is the
✅ D. Left side
4.
The cell organelle that is responsible for protein synthesis is
✅ B. Ribosome
5.
Example of an invertebrate is
✅ A. Jelly fish
6.
In a food chain, the position occupied by an organism is its ____ level.
✅ A. Trophic
7.
In plants, gaseous exchange occurs in the
✅ C. Stomata
8.
The structure that traps sunlight energy during photosynthesis is
✅ A. Chlorophyll
9.
Excessive bleeding is due to deficiency of vitamin
✅ D. K
10.
Red blood cell is also known as
✅ E. Erythrocyte
11.
The middle ear cavity is filled with
✅ E. Air
12.
Muscles are attached to bones by
✅ C. Tendons
13.
An example of a macro element is
✅ B. Nitrogen
14.
The process by which organisms maintain a fairly constant internal environment is
✅ D. Homeostasis
15.
The response of living organisms to external stimuli is
✅ E. Irritability
16.
Hepatitis is a disease of the
✅ B. Liver
17.
A feeding relationship in which both organisms benefit is referred to as
✅ C. Symbiosis
18.
Which of the following is not a morphological variation?
✅ D. Movement of ears
19.
Klinostat is used to demonstrate
✅ E. Geotropism
20.
The pituitary gland is called "master gland" because
✅ A. It controls other glands
21.
The organelle responsible for energy production is
✅ C. Mitochondrion
22.
Optic nerves are responsible for transmitting messages from
✅ A. Eye to brain
23.
Which of the following animals has homodont dentition?
✅ C. Lizard
24.
Emergency hormone in human is
✅ B. Adrenalin
25.
represents that of
✅ C. Rabbit
26.
A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is being harmed is
✅ D. Parasitism
27.
Which of the following is not an annual plant?
✅ E. Cocoa
28.
Sweep net is for
✅ B. Capturing ground dwelling insects
29.
The deficiency of vitamin C in the diet of a man leads to
✅ B. Scurvy
30.
Use the figure below to answer the question. The phase of mitotic division represented in figure above is
✅ D. Telophase
31.
Use the figure below to answer the questions. The function of the part labelled I is
✅ D. Housing genetic material
32.
Use the figure below to answer the questions. The part labelled I is
✅ A. Spindle
33.
Coconut is an example of a
✅ C. Drupe
34.
Insulin deficiency causes a disease called
✅ E. Diabetes
35.
In ciliated protozoan, cyclosis is a form of
✅ B. Movement
36.
In mammal, patella is found in
✅ D. Knee
37.
Cutaneous gaseous exchange is exhibited by
✅ A. Toad
38.
A deadly disease that is transmitted through the saliva of an infected vector is
✅ C. Rabies
39.
The terminal portion of the alimentary canal is
✅ B. Anus
40.
The scientific methods of investigation include the following except
✅ B. Documentation
41.
Use the figure below to answer the question. The figure above represents a/an ____ stage in the life cycle of a mosquito.
✅ D. Adult
42.
Use the figure below to answer the question. The part used for flying is labelled
✅ A. II
43.
Use the figure below to answer the question. The part labelled I is the
✅ A. Feeding brushes
44.
Organisms of the same species living together in the same habitat constitute a/an
✅ B. Population
45.
The following are discontinuous variations except
✅ E. Skin colour
46.
The part of neurone that receives impulse from other cells is
✅ B. Dendrite
47.
Parental care is exhibited by
✅ E. Rat
48.
The group of organisms that freely interbreed to produce fertile offsprings is called
✅ D. Species
49.
The uniform spreading of an ink in a beaker that contains water is by the process of
✅ A. Diffusion
50.
Secchi disc is an ecological instrument used for measuring
✅ E. Turbidity
51.
The differences that exist in height and colour between members of the same species is called
✅ A. Variation
52.
The causative organism of malaria is
✅ A. Protozoan
53.
The enzyme responsible for digestion of starch is
✅ A. Ptyalin
54.
An example of hormonal gland in mammals is
✅ E. Pancreas
55.
Translocation of manufactured food takes place through
✅ B. Phloem
56.
The nervous system of a mammal is made up of the central nervous and
✅ D. Peripheral
57.
Lipids in animals are stored in form of
✅ C. Glycerol
58.
The part of brain responsible for voluntary action is
✅ B. Cerebrum
59.
During cell division, the stage at which chromosomes arrive at the centre of the cell is
✅ B. Metaphase
60.
Mosquito is a vector of
✅ B. Plasmodium falciparum
B. 2026 NECO BIOLOGY (ESSAY) ANSWERS:
DIFFERENT STATE ANSWERS (CHECK AND SEE IF IT MATCHES WITH YOURS AND USE:
BIOLOGY ADAMAWA, ABIA & OTHERS
(1a)
Explain the effects of the following agricultural practices on the ecosystem:
(i) Bush burning
(PICK ANY ONE)
Bush
burning destroys vegetation and wildlife habitats, kills useful soil
microorganisms and insects, and reduces soil fertility by destroying
humus. It also exposes the soil to erosion, causes air pollution through
smoke and carbon dioxide emission, and may lead to loss of
biodiversity.
OR
Bush burning clears land quickly but
destroys beneficial organisms living in the soil, reduces organic
matter, exposes the soil to wind and water erosion, pollutes the
atmosphere with smoke, and destroys the natural habitat of plants and
animals.
(ii) Overgrazing
(PICK ANY ONE)
Overgrazing
occurs when too many animals feed continuously on the same pasture. It
removes the vegetation cover, exposes the soil to erosion, reduces soil
fertility through compaction, encourages desertification and decreases
the availability of pasture for livestock.
OR
Overgrazing
destroys grasses faster than they can regrow, leaving the land bare.
This leads to soil erosion, poor soil structure, reduced crop and
pasture productivity, and gradual environmental degradation due to loss
of vegetation.
(iii) Fertilizer application
(PICK ANY ONE)
Fertilizer
application improves soil fertility by supplying essential nutrients
needed for healthy plant growth and increased crop yield. However,
excessive use can make the soil acidic, destroy beneficial soil
organisms, and pollute rivers and streams through nutrient leaching.
OR
Applying
fertilizers replenishes nutrients removed by crops and improves
agricultural production. When used excessively, fertilizers contaminate
water bodies, encourage algal blooms, reduce soil quality and may harm
plants and aquatic organisms.
(iv) Mulching
(PICK ANY ONE)
Mulching
involves covering the soil with dry leaves, grasses or other materials.
It conserves soil moisture by reducing evaporation, suppresses weed
growth, prevents soil erosion, regulates soil temperature and improves
soil fertility as the mulch decomposes.
OR
Mulching
protects the soil from direct sunlight and heavy rainfall. It reduces
water loss, prevents erosion, controls weeds, encourages the activities
of beneficial soil organisms and adds organic matter to the soil after
decomposition.
(1b)
(i) Define balanced diet.
(PICK ANY ONE)
A
balanced diet is a diet that contains all the essential classes of food
in the correct proportions and adequate amounts to provide the body
with the nutrients needed for growth, energy production, repair of worn
out tissues, proper functioning of body organs and maintenance of good
health.
OR
A balanced diet is a meal that supplies
carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins, minerals, water and
roughage in the right quantities to meet the nutritional needs of the
body. It promotes normal growth, provides energy, repairs damaged
tissues, regulates body processes and helps maintain good health.
(1b) (ii) Mention three adaptations of xerophytes to their habitat.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
(ii) Leaves reduced to spines to minimize transpiration.
(iii) Succulent stems or leaves for water storage.
(iv) Deep and extensive root system for absorbing water.
(v) Sunken stomata to reduce transpiration.
(1c)
State one function each of the following plant cell organelles:
(i) Cell wall:
Provides support, protection and maintains the shape of the plant cell.
(ii) Mitochondrion:
Site of aerobic respiration where energy (ATP) is produced.
(iii) Chloroplast:
Contains chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis to manufacture food.
(2a)
(i) Name the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle.
(i) Ilium
(ii) Ischium
(iii) Pubis
2a(ii)
(2b)
(i) Describe the process involved in the use of a quadrat for sampling of species in an ecological study.
(PICK ANY ONE)
A
quadrat of known dimensions is placed randomly at different points
within the study area. All the organisms of the species inside the
quadrat are identified and counted, and the results are recorded. The
quadrat is moved to several other random positions and the procedure is
repeated. The average number of organisms per quadrat is calculated and
used to estimate the population density or abundance of the species in
the habitat.
OR
The study area is selected and a quadrat
is thrown or placed randomly on the ground. Every organism of the
required species found within the boundaries of the quadrat is counted
and recorded. This process is repeated several times at different
locations. The results obtained are averaged to estimate the
distribution, frequency or population size of the organisms in the area.
2b(ii) Give three symptoms of a child with protein deficiency.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Swollen abdomen (pot belly)
(ii) Stunted growth
(iii) Oedema (swelling of the feet and face)
(iv) Thin muscles or muscle wasting
(v) Discoloured or sparse hair
(vi) Dry, flaky skin
(2c)
State one function each of the following:
(i) Calyx:
(PICK ANY ONE)
Protects the flower bud before it opens.
OR
Supports the petals after the flower has opened.
(ii) Mammalian hair:
(PICK ANY ONE)
Provides insulation by reducing heat loss from the body.
OR
Protects the skin and serves as a sensory organ by detecting touch.
(3a)
(3b)
(i) State two characteristics of an enzyme.
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Enzymes are protein in nature.
(ii) They are biological catalysts.
(iii) They are specific in their action.
(iv) They are not used up during reactions.
(v) They are affected by temperature and pH.
(3b)
(ii) Mention three differences between respiration and photosynthesis.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Respiration breaks down food to release energy, while photosynthesis manufactures food and stores energy.
(ii) Respiration occurs in all living cells, while photosynthesis occurs only in green cells containing chlorophyll.
(iii) Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.
(iv) Respiration occurs both during the day and at night, while photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of sunlight.
(v) Respiration takes place mainly in the mitochondria, while photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
(3c)
(i) Give two ways by which a housefly is adapted as a v
4(a) Explain the following processes:
(i) Aestivation
(PICK ANY ONE)
Aestivation
is a state of dormancy or inactivity entered into by some animals
during the hot, dry season to survive unfavourable environmental
conditions. During this period, the metabolic rate, respiration and
other body activities are greatly reduced to conserve water and energy
until favourable conditions return.
OR
Aestivation is the
temporary resting or dormant state of some animals during periods of
excessive heat and drought. The animal becomes inactive, reduces its
metabolic activities and conserves moisture and energy until the rainy
season or favourable conditions return.
(ii) Deamination
(PICK ANY ONE)
Deamination
is the process by which the amino group (–NH₂) is removed from excess
amino acids, mainly in the liver. The amino group is converted to
ammonia, which is then changed to urea for excretion by the kidneys,
while the remaining keto acid is used for energy or stored.
OR
Deamination
is the removal of the amino group from amino acids during protein
metabolism. It occurs mainly in the liver. The removed amino group forms
ammonia, which is converted into urea and excreted, while the remaining
carbon skeleton (keto acid) is used in respiration or converted into
glucose or fat.
4(b)
(i) Describe the mechanism of feeding in Amoeba.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Amoeba
feeds by holozoic nutrition through phagocytosis. When it comes in
contact with a food particle, it extends pseudopodia around the food and
engulfs it. The tips of the pseudopodia fuse to form a food vacuole.
Digestive enzymes are secreted into the vacuole where the food is
digested into soluble substances. The digested nutrients are absorbed
into the cytoplasm and assimilated for growth, respiration and repair.
Finally, the undigested food remains are egested through the cell
membrane.
OR
Amoeba exhibits holozoic nutrition by
phagocytosis. It moves towards the food and extends pseudopodia to
surround and engulf it. The food is enclosed in a food vacuole formed by
the fusion of the pseudopodia. Digestive enzymes are released into the
vacuole to digest the food into simple soluble substances. The digested
food is absorbed and assimilated into the cytoplasm for energy, growth
and repair. The undigested food residue is finally removed through the
cell membrane by egestion.
(4bii) Mention three components of blood.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Plasma
(ii) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
(iii) White blood cells (leucocytes)
(iv) Platelets (thrombocytes)
4(c)(ii) Enumerate two methods of water purification.
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Boiling: Water is boiled for about 10 minutes and allowed to cool. This kills most disease-causing microorganisms.
(ii)
Filtration: Water is passed through a filter such as sand, gravel or
filter cloth to remove suspended particles and some microorganisms.
(iii) Chlorination: Water is treated with chlorine or bleaching powder to kill harmful microorganisms.
(iv)
Sedimentation and decantation: Water is allowed to stand so that
heavier particles settle at the bottom. The clear water above is then
carefully poured off (decanted) for use.
(5a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Describe the mechanism of vision in man.
Light
rays from an object enter the eye through the cornea. They pass through
the aqueous humour, pupil and lens. The iris regulates the amount of
light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil. The lens
refracts and focuses the light on the retina, where a real, inverted and
diminished image is formed. The rods and cones in the retina convert
the light into nerve impulses. These impulses are carried by the optic
nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted, enabling us to see the
object.
OR
Light reflected from an object enters the eye
through the cornea and is refracted. It then passes through the aqueous
humour, pupil and lens. The iris adjusts the size of the pupil to
regulate the amount of light entering the eye. Through accommodation,
the lens focuses the light rays on the retina, producing a real,
inverted and diminished image. The photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
convert the light into nerve impulses, which are transmitted through the
optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as vision.
5(c)(i) List three importance of genetics.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It helps in the improvement of crop and livestock species through selective breeding.
(ii) It helps in the prediction, prevention and treatment of genetic disorders.
(iii) It helps in determining paternity and solving cases of inheritance.
(iv) It is useful in the study of evolution and classification of organisms.
(v) It is used in forensic science and in identifying individuals through DNA fingerprinting.
(vi) It assists in genetic counselling and family planning.
(vii) It aids scientific research on heredity and variation.
5(c)(ii) State four evidence of evolution.
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Fossil evidence.
(ii) Comparative anatomy (homologous organs).
(iii) Comparative embryology.
(iv) Molecular evidence (DNA and protein similarities).
(v) Biogeography (geographical distribution of organisms).
(vi) Vestigial organs.
(vii) Comparative physiology (similarities in body functions).
(viii) Artificial selection (selective breeding by humans).
(ix) Direct observation of evolution, such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
OR
ADAMAWA STATE AND OTHER STATE DOING SAME PAPER TYPE
(1ai)
(i)
Bush burning: Bush burning destroys vegetation cover and organic matter
in the soil. It kills useful soil microorganisms and small animals and
exposes the soil to erosion, thereby reducing soil fertility.
(ii)
Overgrazing: Overgrazing removes the protective vegetation cover from
the land. This exposes the soil to erosion and may lead to
desertification and a reduction in soil fertility.
(iii)
Fertilizer application: Fertilizer application increases soil fertility
and improves crop yield. However, excessive application may pollute
water bodies, alter soil pH, and destroy beneficial soil organisms.
(iv)
Mulching: Mulching conserves soil moisture, reduces soil erosion,
suppresses weed growth, and adds organic matter to the soil, thereby
improving soil fertility.
(1bi)
A balanced diet is a diet that
contains all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions
required for normal growth, maintenance, and proper functioning of the
body.
(1bii)
(i) Thick cuticle.
(ii) Sunken stomata.
(iii) Reduced leaves or leaves modified into spines.
(1ci)
The cell wall provides support, protection, and shape to the cell.
(1cii)
The mitochondrion is the site of aerobic respiration and energy production.
(1ciii)
The chloroplast carries out photosynthesis.
==================
(2ai)
(i) Ilium.
(ii) Ischium.
(iii) Pubis.
(2aii)
[IN A TABULAR FORM]
=Sexual reproduction=
(i) Involves two parents.
Involves one parent.
(ii) Fusion of gametes occurs.
(iii) Offspring show variation.
=Asexual reproduction=
(i) Involves one parent.
(ii) Fusion of gametes does not occur.
(iii) Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
(2bi)
A
quadrat of known dimensions is selected and placed randomly within the
study area. The organisms found inside the quadrat are identified and
counted. The observations are recorded, and the quadrat is repeatedly
placed at different locations in the habitat. The data obtained are then
used to determine the population density, abundance, or frequency of
the species.
(2bii)
(i) Stunted growth.
(ii) Swollen abdomen (pot belly).
(iii) Muscle wasting.
(2ci)
The calyx protects the flower when it is in the bud stage.
(2cii)
Mammalian hair provides insulation by reducing heat loss from the body.
==================
(3a)
Diagram
(3bi)
(i) Enzymes are protein in nature.
(ii) Enzymes are specific in their action.
(3bii)
=Respiration=
(i) Occurs in all living cells.
(ii) Releases energy.
(iii) Uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
=Photosynthesis=
(i) Occurs only in green plants.
(ii) Stores energy.
(iii) Uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.
(3ci)
(i) The housefly possesses hairy legs and body that carry disease-causing organisms.
(ii) It feeds on refuse and faecal matter and contaminates food with pathogens.
(3cii)
(i) Sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis.
(ii) Sunlight promotes flowering and growth in plants.
==================
(4ai)
(i)
Aestivation: Aestivation is a state of dormancy or inactivity assumed
by certain organisms during hot and dry conditions to reduce water loss
and survive unfavourable conditions.
(ii) Deamination:
Deamination is the removal of the amino group from excess amino acids in
the liver, resulting in the formation of ammonia, which is later
converted to urea.
(4bi)
Amoeba feeds by holozoic nutrition.
It extends its pseudopodia around the food particle and engulfs it to
form a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes act on the food inside the
vacuole. The digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm, while the
undigested food materials are egested through the cell membrane.
(4bii)
(i) Red blood cells.
(ii) White blood cells.
(iii) Blood platelets.
(4ci)
Phytoplankton--> Zooplankton-->Tilapia fish.
(4cii)
(i) Boiling.
(ii) Filtration.
==================
(5a)
Light
rays from an object enter the eye through the cornea and pass through
the aqueous humour and pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light
entering the eye. The lens refracts and focuses the light rays onto the
retina. The photoreceptor cells in the retina convert the light into
nerve impulses. These impulses are transmitted through the optic nerve
to the brain, where they are interpreted to produce vision.
(5b)
Diagram of the longitudinal section of mammalian skin.
(5ci)
(i) It helps in the improvement of crops and livestock.
(ii) It assists in the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary diseases.
(iii) It aids the study of inheritance and variation.
(5cii)
(i) Fossil records.
(ii) Comparative anatomy.
(iii) Comparative embryology.
(iv) Vestigial organs.
NECO BIOLOGY BAYELSA AND OTHER STATES DOING THE SAME PAPER TYPE ANSWERS
(1ai)
Tolerance is the ability of an organism to withstand or survive changes in environmental conditions within certain limits.
(1aii)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food (nutrients)
(iv) Hormones
(1b)
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase
(1c)
(i)
Termites live in colonies with division of labour, where workers,
soldiers, and reproductives perform different functions for the survival
of the colony.
(ii) They build large mounds and underground tunnels, which protect them from predators and harsh weather conditions.
(iii)
They communicate by releasing chemical substances (pheromones) to
coordinate feeding, defence, and other colony activities.
(iv) Worker
termites feed and groom other members of the colony, including the
queen, king, and young ones, ensuring their survival.
(v) Soldier
termites defend the colony with their strong jaws or chemical
secretions, protecting it from invading predators such as ants.
===========================
(2ai)
(i) Kidney
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin
(iv) Nephridia
(v) Malpighian tubules
(2bii)
(i) Kidney - Human (mammals)
(ii) Lungs - Human (mammals)
(iii) Skin - Human (mammals)
(iv) Nephridia - Earthworm
(v) Malpighian tubules - Cockroach
(2bi)
(i) Both remove metabolic waste products from the body.
(ii) Both help to regulate the body's water and salt balance (osmoregulation).
(2bii)
(i) Earthworms possess numerous nephridia as excretory organs, while mammals possess a pair of kidneys.
(ii)
The nephridia of earthworms open to the exterior through
nephridiopores, while the kidneys of mammals discharge urine through the
ureters into the urinary bladder before it is expelled through the
urethra.
(iii) Earthworm nephridia are simple tubular structures
found in almost every body segment, while mammalian kidneys are highly
specialized, compact organs made up of millions of nephrons.
(2c)
(i) During the day, guard cells absorb potassium ions and sugars, causing water to enter the cells by osmosis.
(ii)
As water enters, the guard cells become turgid and curve outward
because their inner walls are thicker than the outer walls.
(iii)
This outward bending creates an opening between the guard cells known as
the stomatal pore, allowing gaseous exchange and transpiration.
(iv)
At night or during water shortage, potassium ions and sugars move out
of the guard cells, causing water to leave by osmosis.
(v) The guard cells become flaccid, straighten, and the stomatal pore closes, reducing water loss from the plant.
===========================
(3ai)
=Protein=
(i) Carbon (C)
(ii) Nitrogen (N)
=Carbohydrate=
(i) Carbon (C)
(ii) Hydrogen (H)
(3aii)
(Draw the diagram)
(3aiii)
(i) Birth rate
(ii) Death rate
(3bi)
Swarming
is the migration or movement of a large number of organisms from one
place to another as a group, usually for breeding, feeding, or
establishing a new colony.
(3bii)
An epidemic is the rapid
outbreak and spread of a disease that affects many people in a
particular community or region within a short period.
(3ci)
Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.
(3cii)
(i) Condom
(ii) Oral contraceptive pills
===========================
(5ai)
=ROOT=
(i) Roots usually grow below the ground, while stems usually grow above the ground.
(ii) Roots do not possess nodes and internodes, while stems possess distinct nodes and internodes.
(iii)
Roots absorb water and mineral salts from the soil while stems support
the plant and transport water, minerals, and manufactured food.
=STEM=
(i) Stems usually grow above the ground while roots usually grow below the ground.
(ii) Stems possess nodes and internodes, while roots do not possess nodes and internodes.
(iii)
Stems support the plant and transport water, minerals, and manufactured
food while roots absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.
(5aii)
(i) Lumbar vertebrae are large and strong to support the weight of the body.
(ii) They have broad and thick centra.
(iii) They possess short, broad spinous processes for the attachment of strong back muscles.
(5bi)
(i) Parenchyma
(ii) Collenchyma
(iii) Sclerenchyma
(5bii)
Haemophilia: Haemophilia is an inherited blood disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally, causing excessive bleeding.
Mutation: Mutation is a sudden, permanent change in the genetic material (DNA) or genes of an organism.
Sex-linked
character: A sex-linked character is a trait controlled by genes
located on the sex chromosomes, especially the X chromosome.
(5ci)
(i) Arable farming
(ii) Pastoral farming
(iii) Mixed farming
(5cii)
(i) Drying
(ii) Smoking
===========================
NECO NIGER, NASARAWA AND ZAMFARA STATE AND OTHER STATES DOING IT ANSWERS
(1ai)
(i) Flowers are generally large and easily noticed.
(ii) They have brightly coloured petals that attract pollinators.
(iii) Nectar is produced by the flowers.
(iv) They emit pleasant scents to attract insects.
(v) Their pollen grains are heavy, rough-textured, sticky, and relatively large.
(1aii)
[IN TABULAR FORM]
=Arteries=
(i) Transport blood away from the heart.
(ii) Have thick, muscular, and elastic walls.
=VEINS=
(i) Transport blood back to the heart.
(ii) Have thinner walls and contain valves.
(1bi)
DIAGRAM
(1bii)
(i) Water is absorbed into root hairs through osmosis.
(ii) Mineral ions enter the roots by active uptake.
(iii) Water and dissolved minerals pass through the cortex to the xylem vessels.
(iv) The upward movement of water occurs through transpiration pull, capillary action, and root pressure.
===========================
(2ai)
(i) Egg stage.
(ii) Larval stage.
(iii) Pupal stage.
(iv) Adult stage (Imago).
(2aii)
(i) Presence of a thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves are reduced to spines or scales.
(iii) Stomata are deeply sunken.
(iv) Stomata are few in number.
(v) Stems are fleshy and store water.
(vi) Possess a well-developed root system.
(2bi)
(i) Trees are tall and remain green throughout the year.
(ii) Plants have broad leaves with drip tips for shedding excess water.
(iii) Vegetation is thick and arranged in distinct layers.
(2bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(3ai)
(i) Oxygen gas.
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas.
(iii) Nutrients from digested food.
(iv) Hormonal substances.
(v) Urea.
(3aii)
(i) Littoral region.
(ii) Neritic region.
(iii) Oceanic region.
(3aiii)
(i) Secretion of bile.
(ii) Storage of glycogen reserves.
(iii) Removal of toxic substances from the body.
(iv) Breakdown of excess amino acids through deamination.
(3b)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(4ai)
A
hormone is a chemical messenger secreted in small amounts by endocrine
glands and carried through the bloodstream to specific target organs
where it performs particular functions.
(4aii)
Gibberellin:
(i) Encourages elongation of stems.
(ii) Stimulates the breaking of seed dormancy.
Ethylene:
(i) Enhances fruit ripening.
(ii) Promotes the shedding of leaves and fruits.
(4aiii)
(i) Incisors.
(ii) Canine teeth.
(iii) Premolars.
(iv) Molars.
(4bi)
A true fruit develops entirely from the fertilized ovary of a flower without involvement of other floral parts.
(4bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(5ai)
DIAGRAM
(5aii)
(i) Dispersal by wind.
(ii) Dispersal by water.
(iii) Dispersal by animals.
(iv) Explosive seed dispersal.
(5bi)
(i) Determination of individual identity.
(ii) Improvement of plants and animals through breeding.
(iii) Grouping and classification of living organisms.
(5bii)
(i) Transmission of diseases.
(ii) Greater competition for available food and living space.
(5biii)
(i) Gills.
(ii) Lungs.
(iii) Tracheal system.
(iv) Skin surface.
(v) Book lungs.
===========================
ENUGU STATE
EDO STATE
DELTA STATE
PLATEAU STATE
AND OTHER STATE DOING SAME TYPE USE THIS✅
NUMBER ONE
(1ai)
Nutrition
is the process by which living organisms obtain, digest, absorb and
utilize food nutrients for growth, energy production, repair of worn-out
tissues and maintenance of body functions.
(1aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Building and repairing body tissues.
(ii) Promoting growth and development.
(iii) Forming enzymes.
(iv) Producing hormones.
(v) Forming antibodies for body defence.
(vi) Transporting oxygen and other substances.
(vii) Supplying energy when necessary.
(viii) Maintaining fluid and acid-base balance.
(1aiii)
(i) They are white blood cells.
(ii) They can change their shape.
(iii) They move by amoeboid movement.
(iv) They engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis.
(v) They contain many lysosomes.
(vi) They can move out of blood vessels into body tissues.
(vii) They destroy germs and other foreign particles.
(viii) They remove dead cells and tissue debris.
(1bi)
=stoma=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf.
(ii) Allows oxygen to leave the leaf.
(iii) Permits transpiration.
(iv) Regulates water loss.
(v) Facilitates gaseous exchange.
(vi) Maintains the plant's water balance.
(1bii)
=synovial fluid=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Lubricates the joints.
(ii) Reduces friction between bones.
(iii) Absorbs shock during movement.
(iv) Nourishes the articular cartilage.
(v) Removes waste products from cartilage.
(vi) Allows smooth movement of joints.
(1biii)
=Tendon=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Attaches muscles to bones.
(ii) Transmits muscular force to bones.
(iii) Enables body movement.
(iv) Stabilizes joints.
(v) Maintains posture.
(vi) Prevents excessive stretching of muscles.
(1biv)
=Root hair=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Absorbs water from the soil.
(ii) Absorbs mineral salts.
(iii) Increases the surface area for absorption.
(iv) Anchors the plant firmly in the soil.
(v) Transfers absorbed water into the root.
(vi) Improves nutrient uptake.
(1c)
ENUGU STATE, EDO STATE, DELTA STATE, PLATEAU STATE
(4ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enzymes are proteins.
(ii) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(iii) Enzymes are specific in their action.
(iv) Enzymes are not used up during chemical reactions.
(v) Enzymes are effective in small quantities.
(vi) Enzymes are affected by temperature.
(vii) Enzymes are affected by pH.
(viii) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
(4aii)
-Pupil:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
OR
The pupil allows light to pass into the eye.
-Conjunctiva:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The conjunctiva protects the front of the eye from dust and microorganisms.
OR
The conjunctiva secretes mucus which keeps the eye moist and lubricated.
-Cornea:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The cornea refracts light entering the eye to help focus images on the retina.
OR
The cornea protects the front part of the eye from injury and dust.
(4bi)
(4bii)
(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.
(4c)
OR
(5a)
The
process of seed and fruit formation in plants. After pollination, a
compatible pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates to produce a
pollen tube. The pollen tube grows down through the style into the ovary
and enters the ovule through the micropyle. The male gametes are
carried through the pollen tube into the embryo sac. One male gamete
fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the
two polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This process is known as double
fertilization.
The zygote develops into the embryo, while the
endosperm serves as stored food for the developing embryo. The
integuments of the ovule become the seed coat (testa), and the entire
ovule develops into a seed. At the same time, the ovary enlarges and
develops into the fruit, while the ovary wall becomes the pericarp.
Other floral parts such as the petals, sepals, stamens and style usually
wither and fall off, leaving the mature fruit containing one or more
seeds.
(5bi)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Produces bile which helps in the emulsification of fats.
(ii) Stores excess glucose as glycogen and converts glycogen back to glucose when required.
(iii) Detoxifies harmful substances such as drugs, alcohol and poisons.
(iv) Deaminates excess amino acids and converts ammonia into urea.
(v) Stores vitamins such as A, D, E, K and B₁₂.
(vi) Stores iron and other mineral salts.
(vii) Breaks down worn-out red blood cells and recycles their components.
(viii) Synthesizes plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin needed for blood clotting.
(5bii)
(i) Myopia (short-sightedness)
(ii) Hypermetropia (long-sightedness)
NIGER STATE AND OTHER STATES DOING THE SAME PAPER TYPE
(1ai)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) They have large and brightly coloured petals.
(ii) They produce sweet scent to attract insects.
(iii) They secrete nectar.
(iv) Their pollen grains are large, heavy and sticky.
(v) The anthers are firm and remain inside the flower.
(vi) The stigma is sticky to trap pollen grains.
(1aii)
In a Tabular form
=Arteries=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Carry blood away from the heart.
(ii) Have thick, muscular and elastic walls.
(iii) Have a narrow lumen.
(iv) Do not contain valves except at the heart.
(v) Carry blood under high pressure.
(vi) Are usually located deep within the body.
=Veins=
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Carry blood towards the heart.
(ii) Have thin, less muscular and less elastic walls.
(iii) Have a wide lumen.
(iv) Contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
(v) Carry blood under low pressure.
(vi) Are usually located close to the surface of the body.
(1bi)
Draw the diagram
(1bii)
(i)
Water is absorbed from the soil by the root hairs through osmosis,
while mineral salts are absorbed mainly by active transport.
(ii) The absorbed water and mineral salts move from the root hairs through the cortex into the xylem vessels.
(iii) They are transported upward through the xylem by transpiration pull, root pressure and capillary action.
(iv)
The water and dissolved mineral salts finally reach the stem, branches
and leaves at the apex, where they are used for photosynthesis, growth
and other metabolic activities.
NIGER, NASARAWA AND ZAMFARA STATE ANSWERS
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
(1ai)
(i) Flowers are generally large and easily noticed.
(ii) They have brightly coloured petals that attract pollinators.
(iii) Nectar is produced by the flowers.
(iv) They emit pleasant scents to attract insects.
(v) Their pollen grains are heavy, rough-textured, sticky, and relatively large.
(1aii)
[IN TABULAR FORM]
=Arteries=
(i) Transport blood away from the heart.
(ii) Have thick, muscular, and elastic walls.
=VEINS=
(i) Transport blood back to the heart.
(ii) Have thinner walls and contain valves.
(1bi)
DIAGRAM
(1bii)
(i) Water is absorbed into root hairs through osmosis.
(ii) Mineral ions enter the roots by active uptake.
(iii) Water and dissolved minerals pass through the cortex to the xylem vessels.
(iv) The upward movement of water occurs through transpiration pull, capillary action, and root pressure.
===========================
(2ai)
(i) Egg stage.
(ii) Larval stage.
(iii) Pupal stage.
(iv) Adult stage (Imago).
(2aii)
(i) Presence of a thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves are reduced to spines or scales.
(iii) Stomata are deeply sunken.
(iv) Stomata are few in number.
(v) Stems are fleshy and store water.
(vi) Possess a well-developed root system.
(2bi)
(i) Trees are tall and remain green throughout the year.
(ii) Plants have broad leaves with drip tips for shedding excess water.
(iii) Vegetation is thick and arranged in distinct layers.
(2bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(3ai)
(i) Oxygen gas.
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas.
(iii) Nutrients from digested food.
(iv) Hormonal substances.
(v) Urea.
(3aii)
(i) Littoral region.
(ii) Neritic region.
(iii) Oceanic region.
(3aiii)
(i) Secretion of bile.
(ii) Storage of glycogen reserves.
(iii) Removal of toxic substances from the body.
(iv) Breakdown of excess amino acids through deamination.
(3b)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(4ai)
A
hormone is a chemical messenger secreted in small amounts by endocrine
glands and carried through the bloodstream to specific target organs
where it performs particular functions.
(4aii)
Gibberellin:
(i) Encourages elongation of stems.
(ii) Stimulates the breaking of seed dormancy.
Ethylene:
(i) Enhances fruit ripening.
(ii) Promotes the shedding of leaves and fruits.
(4aiii)
(i) Incisors.
(ii) Canine teeth.
(iii) Premolars.
(iv) Molars.
(4bi)
A true fruit develops entirely from the fertilized ovary of a flower without involvement of other floral parts.
(4bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================
(5ai)
DIAGRAM
(5aii)
(i) Dispersal by wind.
(ii) Dispersal by water.
(iii) Dispersal by animals.
(iv) Explosive seed dispersal.
(5bi)
(i) Determination of individual identity.
(ii) Improvement of plants and animals through breeding.
(iii) Grouping and classification of living organisms.
(5bii)
(i) Transmission of diseases.
(ii) Greater competition for available food and living space.
(5biii)
(i) Gills.
(ii) Lungs.
(iii) Tracheal system.
(iv) Skin surface.
(v) Book lungs.
===========================
===============================================================
IMO STATE ANSWERS (ALSO CONFIRM IF IT MATCHES YOUR OWN STATE)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin
(iv) Liver
(v) Nephridia
(vi) Malpighian tubules
(vii) Contractile vacuole
(viii) Flame cells
(1aii)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney – Human being
(ii) Lungs – Human being
(iii) Skin – Human being
(iv) Liver – Human being
(v) Nephridia – Earthworm
(vi) Malpighian tubules – Grasshopper
(vii) Contractile vacuole – Amoeba
(viii) Flame cells - Tapeworm
(1bi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Both remove metabolic waste products from the body.
(ii) Both regulate water balance.
(iii) Both help maintain salt (ion) balance.
(iv) Both excrete nitrogenous waste products.
(1bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Earthworm has nephridia while mammals have kidneys.
(ii) Nephridia are found in almost every body segment while kidneys are only one pair.
(iii) Earthworm excretes wastes through nephridiopores while mammals excrete through the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
(iv) Earthworm mainly excretes ammonia while mammals mainly excrete urea.
(v) The excretory system of earthworm is simple while that of mammals is more complex.
(1c)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Stomata open when the guard cells absorb water by osmosis and become turgid. This causes the guard cells to curve outward and the stomatal pore opens. Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells, lowering their water potential and drawing in more water.
When water leaves the guard cells by osmosis, they become flaccid. The guard cells straighten and the stomatal pore closes. This usually occurs at night or during water shortage, reducing water loss.
OR
The opening and closing of stomata depend on the turgidity of the guard cells. In the presence of light, guard cells accumulate potassium ions, absorb water and become turgid, causing the stomatal pore to open. In darkness or during water stress, potassium ions move out of the guard cells, water leaves by osmosis, the guard cells become flaccid and the stomatal pore closes.
2(a)(i) Define the term tolerance.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Tolerance is the ability of an organism to withstand changes in environmental factors within certain limits and still survive, grow and reproduce.
OR
Tolerance is the range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive, grow and reproduce successfully.
(2a)(ii)
2(a)(iii) Describe the process of feeding in Amoeba.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Amoeba feeds by phagocytosis. It extends pseudopodia around the food particle and engulfs it to form a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes are released into the vacuole to digest the food. The digested nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm, while the undigested materials are expelled through the cell membrane.
OR
When Amoeba comes in contact with food, it sends out pseudopodia which surround and enclose the food. The pseudopodia fuse to form a food vacuole. Enzymes digest the food inside the vacuole, the soluble nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm, and the remaining waste is egested through the cell surface
(4a)
(i) Explain the following process: Aestivation.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Aestivation is a period of dormancy or inactivity shown by some animals during hot and dry seasons. During this period, the animal remains inactive in a cool, moist or sheltered place, its metabolic activities are greatly reduced, and it conserves water and energy until favourable environmental conditions return.
OR
Aestivation is the process by which some organisms survive prolonged heat and drought by entering a resting state. During this period, feeding, movement, respiration and other body activities are reduced to minimize water loss and conserve energy until the rainy season or cooler conditions return.
(ii) Deamination.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Deamination is the process by which excess amino acids are broken down in the liver through the removal of the amino (–NH₂) group. The removed amino group forms ammonia, which is converted into urea and transported by the blood to the kidneys for excretion, while the remaining part of the amino acid is used for energy or converted into carbohydrates or fats.
OR
Deamination is the removal of the amino group from excess amino acids in the liver. The ammonia produced is toxic and is therefore converted into urea, which is carried to the kidneys and eliminated in urine. This process helps to remove excess nitrogen from the body while allowing the remaining carbon skeleton to be used in metabolism.
(4b)
(i) Describe the mechanism of feeding in Amoeba.
(PICK ANY ONE)
Feeding in Amoeba is by holozoic nutrition. The Amoeba first detects a food particle and extends finger-like projections called pseudopodia towards it. The pseudopodia surround and engulf the food particle, enclosing it in a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes are then secreted into the food vacuole, where the food is broken down into soluble substances. The digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm and assimilated for growth, repair and energy production. The undigested food remains in the food vacuole and is later expelled through the cell membrane by egestion.
OR
Amoeba feeds by the process of phagocytosis. It extends pseudopodia around the food particle until they fuse together, forming a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes are released into the food vacuole to digest the food. The digested nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm, where they are utilized by the cell. Any undigested residue is moved to the cell surface and discharged through the plasma membrane by egestion.
(4b)(ii) Mention three components of blood.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Plasma
(ii) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
(iii) White blood cells (leucocytes)
(iv) Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
(4c)
(i) Construct a food chain using these organisms; zooplankton, phytoplankton and tilapia fish.
Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Tilapia fish
(4c)(ii) Enumerate two methods of water purification.
(i) Boiling
(ii) Filtration
(iii) Chlorination
(iv) Distillation
(5ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Tolerance is the ability of an organism to withstand or survive changes in environmental conditions within certain limits without being harmed.
OR
Tolerance is the range of environmental conditions within which an organism can survive, grow, and reproduce without being adversely affected.
(5aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food nutrients
(iv) Hormones
(v) Urea
(vi) Mineral salts.
(5b)
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase
(5c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Division of labour: Termites live in organized colonies where each caste performs a specific role. The queen lays eggs, workers gather food and care for the young, while soldiers defend the colony. This cooperation ensures efficient use of resources, increases survival, and allows the colony to function successfully.
(ii) Nest building: Termites construct large mounds and underground nests using soil, saliva, and faeces. These nests provide protection from predators, rain, and extreme temperatures. The mound also helps regulate humidity and ventilation, creating a favourable environment for the colony throughout the year.
(iii) Nocturnal foraging: Termites usually search for food at night when temperatures are lower and predators are less active. This behaviour reduces water loss from their bodies and lowers the risk of being attacked. It enables them to gather enough food while remaining relatively safe.
(iv) Tunnel construction during feeding: Termites build covered mud tunnels from their nests to food sources. These tunnels protect them from sunlight, drying out, and predators such as ants and birds. They can move safely between the nest and feeding sites without being easily detected.
(v) Colony defence: Soldier termites guard the colony against invading predators. They use powerful jaws or release defensive chemicals to repel attackers. Their protective behaviour keeps the queen, workers, and developing young safe, ensuring the continued growth and survival of the entire colony.
(vi) Care of eggs and young: Worker termites constantly feed, clean, and protect the eggs, larvae, and queen. They move the young to suitable locations within the nest when necessary. This parental care increases the chances of successful development and helps maintain a healthy colony population.
(vii) Communication by pheromones: Termites communicate through chemical substances called pheromones. These signals help colony members locate food, warn of danger, identify nest mates, and coordinate activities. Effective communication promotes cooperation, reduces confusion, and improves the colony's ability to survive environmental challenges.
(viii) Mutual feeding: Termites feed one another by exchanging partially digested food through mouth-to-mouth or anus-to-mouth feeding. This behaviour distributes nutrients and beneficial microorganisms needed for cellulose digestion. It ensures that all members, especially the young and queen, receive adequate nourishment.
(1ai)
(i) Contractile vacuole.
(ii) Flame cell (protonephridium).
(iii) Nephridium.
(iv) Malpighian tubule.
(v) Kidney.
(1aii)
=Contractile vacuole=
(i) Amoeba.
=Flame cell (Protonephridium)=
(i) Planarian.
=Nephridium=
(i) Earthworm.
=Malpighian tubule=
(i) Cockroach.
=Kidney=
(i) Human.
(1bi)
(i) Both are involved in eliminating metabolic wastes from the body.
(ii) Both regulate the body's water and salt balance (osmoregulation).
(1bii)
=Earthworm=
(i) The excretory structures are nephridia.
(ii) Nephridia are distributed throughout several body segments.
(iii) Waste products are discharged through nephridiopores.
=Mammals=
(i) The kidneys serve as the excretory organs.
(ii) Mammals possess a single pair of kidneys.
(iii) Urine passes through the ureters to the bladder and leaves through the urethra.
(1c)
When stomata open, the guard cells accumulate potassium ions or sugars, reducing their water potential. Water enters the cells by osmosis, making them swollen (turgid). Because the outer walls are thinner than the inner walls, the guard cells bend outward, and the stomatal pore opens.
During stomatal closure, potassium ions or sugars leave the guard cells, causing water to move out by osmosis. The guard cells lose turgidity, become flaccid, and return to their original shape, resulting in the closing of the stomatal pore.
===========================
(2ai)
Tolerance is the capacity of an organism to survive changes in environmental conditions within a particular range without suffering harmful effects.
(2aii)
=Food Chain=
(i) It represents a straight-line feeding sequence.
(ii) Energy flows through only one route.
=Food Web=
(i) It is made up of several interconnected food chains.
(ii) Energy can move through multiple feeding pathways.
(2aiii)
Amoeba feeds by holozoic nutrition. It surrounds food with pseudopodia and engulfs it to form a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes break down the food, and the nutrients pass into the cytoplasm, while the undigested remains are expelled through the cell membrane.
(2bi)
The tongue mixes food thoroughly with saliva and assists in pushing it down the oesophagus during swallowing.
(2bii)
The villi take in the end products of digestion and transfer them into the blood circulation.
(2ci)
(i) Termites help break down dead plant materials.
(ii) Their burrowing improves soil fertility and aeration.
(iii) Some termite species serve as food for humans and other animals.
(iv) Their activities aid the formation of humus.
(2cii)
A fresh leaf is removed from the plant and boiled in water to destroy living cells and stop chemical reactions. It is then heated in alcohol using a water bath to remove the green pigment. After rinsing the leaf in warm water to soften it, iodine solution is applied. A blue-black colour confirms the presence of starch.
===========================
(3ai)
(i) Oxygen.
(ii) Carbon dioxide.
(iii) Digested nutrients.
(iv) Hormones.
(v) Urea.
(3aii)
(i) Littoral region.
(ii) Neritic region.
(iii) Oceanic region.
(3aiii)
(i) Secretion of bile.
(ii) Storage of glucose as glycogen.
(iii) Detoxification of poisonous substances.
(iv) Deamination of excess amino acids.
(3b)
(Draw the diagram)
===========================
(4ai)
(i) Aestivation: Aestivation is a period of inactivity or dormancy adopted by certain organisms during hot, dry seasons to conserve water and survive unfavourable conditions.
(ii) Deamination: Deamination is the process by which the liver removes the amino group from excess amino acids, producing ammonia that is later changed into urea.
(4bi)
Amoeba carries out holozoic feeding by extending pseudopodia around food particles and enclosing them in a food vacuole. Enzymes digest the food, the dissolved nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm, and the undigested residue is eliminated through the cell membrane.
(4bii)
(i) Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
(ii) Leucocytes (white blood cells).
(iii) Platelets (thrombocytes).
(4ci)
Phytoplankton --> Zooplankton --> Tilapia.
(4cii)
(i) Boiling.
(ii) Filtering.
===========================
(5ai)
Tolerance refers to an organism's ability to endure fluctuations in environmental conditions within certain limits without being harmed.
(5aii)
(i) Oxygen.
(ii) Carbon dioxide.
(iii) Digested food nutrients.
(iv) Hormones.
(5b)
(i) Prophase.
(ii) Metaphase.
(iii) Anaphase.
(iv) Telophase.
(5c)
(i) Termites live together in organized colonies, providing mutual protection and cooperation.
(ii) They show division of labour, with workers, soldiers, kings, and queens carrying out different duties.
(iii) They build mounds and underground tunnels that shield the colony from predators and harsh environmental conditions.
(iv) They feed one another through trophallaxis, ensuring every member receives nourishment.
(v) Soldier termites protect the colony by using powerful jaws or releasing defensive chemical substances.
===========================
=======================================================================
ABUJA STATE ANSWERS (ALSO CONFIRM IF IT MATCHES YOUR OWN STATE)
=====================================================================
ENUGU STATE ANSWERS (ALSO CONFIRM IF IT MATCHES YOUR OWN STATE)
(1ai)
Nutrition
is the process by which living organisms obtain, digest, absorb and
utilize food nutrients for growth, energy production, repair of worn-out
tissues and maintenance of body functions.
(1aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Building and repairing body tissues.
(ii) Promoting growth and development.
(iii) Forming enzymes.
(iv) Producing hormones.
(v) Forming antibodies for body defence.
(vi) Transporting oxygen and other substances.
(vii) Supplying energy when necessary.
(viii) Maintaining fluid and acid-base balance.
(1aiii)
(i) They are white blood cells.
(ii) They can change their shape.
(iii) They move by amoeboid movement.
(iv) They engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis.
(v) They contain many lysosomes.
(vi) They can move out of blood vessels into body tissues.
(vii) They destroy germs and other foreign particles.
(viii) They remove dead cells and tissue debris.
(1bi)
=stoma=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf.
(ii) Allows oxygen to leave the leaf.
(iii) Permits transpiration.
(iv) Regulates water loss.
(v) Facilitates gaseous exchange.
(vi) Maintains the plant's water balance.
(1bii)
=synovial fluid=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Lubricates the joints.
(ii) Reduces friction between bones.
(iii) Absorbs shock during movement.
(iv) Nourishes the articular cartilage.
(v) Removes waste products from cartilage.
(vi) Allows smooth movement of joints.
(1biii)
=Tendon=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Attaches muscles to bones.
(ii) Transmits muscular force to bones.
(iii) Enables body movement.
(iv) Stabilizes joints.
(v) Maintains posture.
(vi) Prevents excessive stretching of muscles.
(1biv)
=Root hair=
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Absorbs water from the soil.
(ii) Absorbs mineral salts.
(iii) Increases the surface area for absorption.
(iv) Anchors the plant firmly in the soil.
(v) Transfers absorbed water into the root.
(vi) Improves nutrient uptake.
(1c)
Draw the diagram below
(2ai)
(i) Egg
(ii) Larva
(iii) Pupa
(iv) Adult (Imago)
(2aii)
(i) Presence of a thick waxy cuticle on the leaves and stems.
(ii) Sunken stomata which reduce the rate of transpiration.
(iii) Leaves reduced to spines or scales, thereby reducing the surface area for water loss.
(iv) Fleshy (succulent) stems or leaves for storing water.
(v) Presence of few stomata, mainly on the lower epidermis of the leaf.
(vi) Presence of leaf hairs (hairy leaves) which trap moist air around the leaf surface and reduce transpiration.
(2bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) They are tall trees that form a dense forest canopy, which shades the forest floor.
(ii) They possess broad, evergreen leaves that enable them to carry out photosynthesis throughout the year.
(iii) They have buttress roots that provide firm support in the shallow rainforest soil.
(iv) They possess drip-tip leaves that allow excess rainwater to flow off quickly, preventing fungal growth.
(v) Epiphytes and climbing plants (lianas) are common because they grow on trees to obtain adequate sunlight.
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(1a)
(i) Define the term nutrition.
Nutrition
is the process by which living organisms obtain, digest, absorb and
utilize food nutrients for energy, growth, repair and maintenance of the
body.
(ii) Mention four functions of proteins to the body.
(i) Proteins build and repair worn-out body tissues.
(ii) They are needed for growth and development of the body.
(iii) They are used in the formation of enzymes, hormones and antibodies.
(iv) They can serve as a source of energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient
(iii) State two characteristics of halophytes.
(i) They are plants adapted to grow in saline (salty) environments.
(ii) They possess succulent leaves or stems for storing water and reducing the effect of salt.
(1b)
State one function each of the following:
(i) Stoma:
Allows gaseous exchange and regulates transpiration in plants.
(ii) Synovial fluid:
Lubricates the joints to reduce friction during movement.
(iii) Tendon:
Connects muscles to bones.
(iv) Root hair:
Absorbs water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil.
(1c)
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ANAMBRA STATE ANSWERS (ALSO CONFIRM IF IT MATCHES YOUR OWN STATE)
(1ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Tolerance
is the ability of an organism to withstand or survive changes in
environmental conditions within certain limits without being harmed.
OR
Tolerance
is the range of environmental conditions within which an organism can
survive, grow, and reproduce without being adversely affected.
(1aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food nutrients
(iv) Hormones
(v) Urea
(vi) Mineral salts.
(1b)
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase
(1c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i)
Division of labour: Termites live in organized colonies where each
caste performs a specific role. The queen lays eggs, workers gather food
and care for the young, while soldiers defend the colony. This
cooperation ensures efficient use of resources, increases survival, and
allows the colony to function successfully.
(ii) Nest building:
Termites construct large mounds and underground nests using soil,
saliva, and faeces. These nests provide protection from predators, rain,
and extreme temperatures. The mound also helps regulate humidity and
ventilation, creating a favourable environment for the colony throughout
the year.
(iii) Nocturnal foraging: Termites usually search for
food at night when temperatures are lower and predators are less active.
This behaviour reduces water loss from their bodies and lowers the risk
of being attacked. It enables them to gather enough food while
remaining relatively safe.
(iv) Tunnel construction during
feeding: Termites build covered mud tunnels from their nests to food
sources. These tunnels protect them from sunlight, drying out, and
predators such as ants and birds. They can move safely between the nest
and feeding sites without being easily detected.
(v) Colony
defence: Soldier termites guard the colony against invading predators.
They use powerful jaws or release defensive chemicals to repel
attackers. Their protective behaviour keeps the queen, workers, and
developing young safe, ensuring the continued growth and survival of the
entire colony.
(vi) Care of eggs and young: Worker termites
constantly feed, clean, and protect the eggs, larvae, and queen. They
move the young to suitable locations within the nest when necessary.
This parental care increases the chances of successful development and
helps maintain a healthy colony population.
(vii) Communication
by pheromones: Termites communicate through chemical substances called
pheromones. These signals help colony members locate food, warn of
danger, identify nest mates, and coordinate activities. Effective
communication promotes cooperation, reduces confusion, and improves the
colony's ability to survive environmental challenges.
(viii)
Mutual feeding: Termites feed one another by exchanging partially
digested food through mouth-to-mouth or anus-to-mouth feeding. This
behaviour distributes nutrients and beneficial microorganisms needed for
cellulose digestion. It ensures that all members, especially the young
and queen, receive adequate nourishment.
(2ai)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin
(iv) Liver
(v) Nephridia
(vi) Malpighian tubules
(vii) Contractile vacuole
(viii) Flame cells
(2aii)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney – Human being
(ii) Lungs – Human being
(iii) Skin – Human being
(iv) Liver – Human being
(v) Nephridia – Earthworm
(vi) Malpighian tubules – Grasshopper
(vii) Contractile vacuole – Amoeba
(viii) Flame cells - Tapeworm
(2bi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Both remove metabolic waste products from the body.
(ii) Both regulate water balance.
(iii) Both help maintain salt (ion) balance.
(iv) Both excrete nitrogenous waste products.
(2bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Earthworm has nephridia while mammals have kidneys.
(ii) Nephridia are found in almost every body segment while kidneys are only one pair.
(iii) Earthworm excretes wastes through nephridiopores while mammals excrete through the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
(iv) Earthworm mainly excretes ammonia while mammals mainly excrete urea.
(v) The excretory system of earthworm is simple while that of mammals is more complex.
(2c)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Stomata
open when the guard cells absorb water by osmosis and become turgid.
This causes the guard cells to curve outward and the stomatal pore
opens. Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells, lowering their
water potential and drawing in more water.
When water leaves the
guard cells by osmosis, they become flaccid. The guard cells straighten
and the stomatal pore closes. This usually occurs at night or during
water shortage, reducing water loss.
OR
The opening and
closing of stomata depend on the turgidity of the guard cells. In the
presence of light, guard cells accumulate potassium ions, absorb water
and become turgid, causing the stomatal pore to open. In darkness or
during water stress, potassium ions move out of the guard cells, water
leaves by osmosis, the guard cells become flaccid and the stomatal pore
closes.
(3ai)
-Protein:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen
(iv) Nitrogen
-Carbohydrate:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen
(3aii)
(3aiii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Birth rate
(ii) Death rate
(iii) Immigration
(iv) Emigration
(v) Availability of food
(vi) Predation
(vii) Disease and parasites
(viii) Competition
(3bi)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Swarming
is the gathering or movement of a large number of organisms of the same
species together in one place, usually for breeding, feeding,
migration, or protection.
OR
Swarming is the temporary
congregation of a large number of organisms of the same species in one
area for a specific purpose, such as breeding or migration.
(3bii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Epidemic
is the rapid spread of a disease that affects a large number of people
in a particular community or region within a short period of time.
OR
Epidemic
is the outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads rapidly and
affects many people in a particular area at the same time.
(3ci)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Parthenocarpy is the development of a fruit from the ovary without fertilization of the ovules, resulting in a seedless fruit.
OR
Parthenocarpy
is the process by which fruits develop from the ovary without
pollination and fertilization, producing fruits that are usually
seedless.
(3cii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Abstinence
(ii) Use of condom
(iii) Oral contraceptive pills
(iv) Intrauterine device
(v) Vasectomy
(4ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enzymes are proteins.
(ii) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(iii) Enzymes are specific in their action.
(iv) Enzymes are not used up during chemical reactions.
(v) Enzymes are effective in small quantities.
(vi) Enzymes are affected by temperature.
(vii) Enzymes are affected by pH.
(viii) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
(4aii)
-Pupil:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
OR
The pupil allows light to pass into the eye.
-Conjunctiva:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The conjunctiva protects the front of the eye from dust and microorganisms.
OR
The conjunctiva secretes mucus which keeps the eye moist and lubricated.
-Cornea:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The cornea refracts light entering the eye to help focus images on the retina.
OR
The cornea protects the front part of the eye from injury and dust.
(4bi)
(4bii)
(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.
(4c)
OR
(5ai)
(5aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It has a large, thick centrum.
(ii) It has a short, broad and blunt neural spine.
(iii) It has long transverse processes.
(iv) It has a large vertebral canal.
(v) It has well developed articular processes for articulation with adjacent vertebrae.
(vi) It has no rib facets for articulation with ribs.
(5bi)
(i) Collenchyma
(ii) Sclerenchyma
(iii) Xylem
(5bii)
-Hemophilia:
(PICK ANY ONE)
Haemophilia
is a hereditary blood disorder in which the blood fails to clot
normally, causing excessive or prolonged bleeding even from minor
injuries.
OR
Haemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder
in which the blood lacks sufficient clotting factors, resulting in
prolonged or excessive bleeding.
-Mutation:
(PICK ANY ONE)
Mutation
is a sudden, permanent and heritable change in the genetic material
(gene or chromosome) of an organism, which may result in a change in its
characteristics.
OR
Mutation is a sudden change in the
genes or chromosomes of an organism that can be inherited and may
produce new characteristics or variations.
-Sex-linked character:
(PICK ANY ONE)
Sex-linked
character is a characteristic controlled by a gene located on the sex
chromosomes (usually the X chromosome) and inherited differently in
males and females.
OR
Sex-linked character is a hereditary
trait determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes and
transmitted from parents to their offspring according to sex.
(5ci)
(i) Subsistence farming
(ii) Commercial farming
(iii) Mixed farming
(5cii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Drying
(ii) Smoking
(iii) Salting
(iv) Refrigeration
(v) Freezing
(vi) Canning
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