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2023 NECO GOVERNMENT (ESSAY) ANSWERS:
NOTE: There are two sections in this Government paper.
Section A (1-4)
Section B (5-10)
You are required to Answer TWO questions only from Section A and THREE questions from Section B.
(1a)
A
state can be defined as a politically organized body of people living
within a defined territory, with a recognized government that has the
authority to make and enforce laws, maintain order, provide public
services, and represent the interests of its citizens both domestically
and internationally.
(1b)
(i) Population: A state consists of a
group of people who live within its territorial boundaries. The size
and composition of the population can vary significantly among states,
but it is a fundamental attribute of any state.
(ii) Territory: A
state has a defined geographical area or territory over which it
exercises sovereign control. This territory is demarcated by borders,
which may be natural features (such as rivers or mountains) or
artificially established boundaries.
(iii) Sovereignty:
Sovereignty refers to the exclusive authority and power of a state to
govern its territory and make decisions without interference from
external actors. It implies that a state is politically independent and
can determine its own laws, policies, and actions.
(iv)
Government: A state has a recognized political system or government that
is responsible for the administration of public affairs and the
exercise of power. The government may be structured in various ways,
such as a democracy, monarchy, or dictatorship, and it typically
consists of institutions, officials, and processes for decision-making
and governance.
(v) Legitimacy: Legitimacy refers to the
acceptance and recognition of the state's authority by its population
and the international community. A state's legitimacy may be derived
from factors such as the consent of the governed, adherence to the rule
of law, respect for human rights, and international recognition.
(2)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i)
Voter Appeal and Ideology: The extent to which a political party's
ideology, values, and policy proposals resonate with voters plays a
crucial role in electoral success.Parties that can effectively
communicate their platform and address voter concerns
(ii)
Leadership and Candidate Selection: The leadership qualities, charisma,
and credibility of a party's leaders can significantly impact electoral
success. A strong and popular leader can inspire trust, attract voters,
and rally support for the party.
(iii) Party Organization and
Structure: A well-organized and disciplined party with a strong
grassroots presence and effective party machinery can mobilize
supporters, engage in strategic campaigning, and efficiently manage
election-related activities.
(iv) Party Organization and
Structure: A well-organized and disciplined party with a strong
grassroots presence and effective party machinery can mobilize
supporters, engage in strategic campaigning, and efficiently manage
election-related activities.
(v) Campaign Strategy and
Communication: A well-planned and targeted campaign strategy, including
effective messaging, communication channels, and campaign tactics, can
greatly influence electoral outcomes.
(vi) Economic and
Socio-Political Context: The prevailing economic conditions, social
issues, and political climate in a country or region can impact the
electoral success of a political party.
(vii) Voter Engagement
and Turnout: Ultimately, electoral success depends on voter engagement
and turnout. Parties that can effectively mobilize their supporters,
engage in voter education and persuasion, and encourage voter
participation have a greater likelihood of success.
(3)
(i)
Lobbying: Lobbying involves direct communication with policymakers,
legislators, and government officials to influence their decisions.
Pressure groups engage in lobbying by providing information, expertise,
and arguments to shape policy discussions and promote their interests.
This can be done through personal meetings, written submissions, or
public hearings.
(ii) Public Campaigns and Advocacy: Pressure
groups often conduct public campaigns to raise awareness, build public
support, and influence public opinion on specific issues. This can
include organizing rallies, protests, or public demonstrations,
utilizing media platforms to disseminate their message, and mobilizing
public support through social media or grassroots organizing.
(iii)
Litigation and Legal Strategies: Some pressure groups employ legal
strategies to achieve their objectives. They may file lawsuits or engage
in legal challenges to existing policies or regulations. By utilizing
the legal system, pressure groups can seek judicial remedies or
influence court decisions to advance their cause.
(iv) Coalition
Building: Pressure groups may form coalitions or alliances with other
groups that share similar objectives or face common challenges. By
pooling resources, expertise, and support, these groups can amplify
their collective influence and present a united front to policymakers.
Coalition building allows for a broader base of support and increases
the chances of achieving shared goals.
(v) Research and Policy
Analysis: Pressure groups often conduct research and policy analysis to
develop evidence-based arguments in support of their positions. They may
commission studies, gather data, or produce reports that highlight the
social, economic, or environmental impacts of specific policies or
proposed legislation. This research is used to inform policymakers and
the public and strengthen the group's advocacy efforts.
(vi)
Direct Action and Civil Disobedience: In some cases, pressure groups may
resort to direct action or civil disobedience as a means of drawing
attention to their cause and putting pressure on decision-makers. This
can involve acts such as sit-ins, blockades, boycotts, or acts of civil
disobedience. By disrupting normal activities or engaging in nonviolent
protest, pressure groups aim to generate media coverage and public
support for their demands.
(4)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i)Clear
Guidelines and Policies: Develop and communicate clear guidelines and
policies that explicitly outline the expectations for non-partisanship
among civil servants.These guidelines should emphasize the importance of
political neutrality and provide specific examples.
(ii)Political
Activity Restrictions: Implement regulations that restrict civil
servants from engaging in partisan political activities while on duty or
in their official capacity. This can include limitations on
participating in political campaigns, endorsing candidates, or engaging
in activities that may compromise their impartiality.
(iii)Recruitment
and Promotion Based on Merit: Establish transparent and merit-based
systems for the recruitment, selection, and promotion of civil servants.
Emphasize qualifications, skills, and experience as the primary
criteria for hiring and advancement, rather than political connections
or affiliations.
(iv)Training and Education: Provide regular
training and education programs that focus on non-partisanship and
ethical conduct for civil servants. These programs should emphasize the
importance of maintaining impartiality in decision-making, avoiding
conflicts of interest, and upholding the principles of public service.
(v)Independent
Oversight and Accountability: Establish independent oversight
mechanisms to monitor and investigate allegations of partisan behavior
or misconduct among civil servants. These mechanisms should have the
authority to receive and investigate complaints, protect whistleblowers,
and take appropriate disciplinary actions when necessary.
(vi)Promote
a Culture of Non-Partisanship: Foster a culture within the civil
service that values and promotes non-partisanship. This can be achieved
through leadership commitment, communication campaigns, and recognition
of civil servants who demonstrate a commitment to impartiality.
(vii)
Transparent Performance Evaluation: Implement a fair and transparent
performance evaluation system that assesses civil servants based on
their competence, professionalism, and adherence to non-partisan
principles.Provide regular feedback and recognition for exemplary
performance.
(5)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Centralized Power:
Military rule is characterized by a concentration of power in the hands
of the military leadership or a small group of military officials. The
military governs with strong hierarchical structures, where decisions
are made at the top and implemented down the chain of command.
(ii)
Suspension of Civilian Institutions: Military rule often involves the
suspension, dissolution, or weakening of civilian institutions,
including the legislature, political parties, and the judiciary. The
military assumes direct control over governance and policy-making,
sidelining civilian authorities.
(iii) Authoritarianism: Military
regimes tend to be authoritarian in nature, characterized by strict
control, limited political freedoms, and suppression of dissent. Civil
liberties, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press, are often
curtailed, and opposition to the regime is met with repression.
(iv)
Limited Accountability: Military rulers are generally not subject to
the same levels of accountability and oversight as civilian leaders.
They often enjoy immunity from prosecution and have the power to
influence or control the judicial system, limiting accountability for
their actions.
(v) State of Emergency: Military rule may be
established during a state of emergency or as a response to political
instability, internal conflict, or perceived threats to national
security. The military justifies its intervention as necessary to
restore order, stability, or unity within the country.
(vi)
Restriction of Political Participation: Military regimes typically
restrict political participation by limiting or controlling the
formation of political parties, suppressing opposition groups, and
tightly controlling elections or excluding them altogether. Political
power is consolidated within the military leadership, limiting citizens'
ability to participate in decision-making.
(vii) Emphasis on
Discipline and Order: Military rule emphasizes discipline and order as
core principles for governance. The military aims to establish stability
and control through strict enforcement of rules and regulations, often
utilizing a top-down command structure and imposing military values on
society.
(viii) Economic Control: Military regimes often exert
significant control over the economy. They may nationalize industries,
control strategic resources, and allocate economic resources according
to their priorities. This control over the economy allows military
rulers to consolidate power and secure resources for their own
interests.
(6)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Political Instability:
The crisis led to a period of intense political instability in Western
Nigeria and had repercussions at the national level. The factional
infighting within the Action Group and the subsequent polarization of
political forces contributed to a breakdown of governance, erosion of
public trust, and weakened democratic institutions.
(ii) Regional
Fragmentation: The crisis deepened divisions within the Western Region
along ethnic and regional lines. The split within the Action Group
resulted in the formation of factions aligned with different ethnic and
regional interests. This fragmentation had long-lasting effects on the
political landscape and regional dynamics in Nigeria.
(iii)
Curtailment of Democracy: The crisis prompted the intervention of the
federal government and the imposition of a state of emergency in the
Western Region. This led to the suspension of the regional government
and the appointment of an administrator by the federal government,
curtailing democratic processes and undermining regional autonomy.
(iv)
Ethnoreligious Tensions: The crisis heightened existing ethnic and
religious tensions in the Western Region and exacerbated communal
conflicts. The political rivalry within the Action Group, combined with
ethnocentric narratives, contributed to intergroup rivalries and
violence, further polarizing society along ethnic and religious lines.
(v)
Weakening of Political Parties: The internal divisions within the
Action Group weakened the party's influence and organizational capacity.
The crisis exposed factionalism, infighting, and leadership struggles
within the party, which led to a loss of public confidence and a decline
in the party's political fortunes.
(vi) Erosion of Trust in
Political Leaders: The crisis eroded public trust in political leaders
and parties, as the actions of key figures within the Action Group were
seen as prioritizing personal ambitions and factional interests over the
welfare of the people. This loss of trust had far-reaching implications
for Nigerian politics and contributed to a broader disillusionment with
political elites.
(vii) Impact on Federalism: The crisis had
implications for Nigeria's federal structure. The federal government's
intervention in the Western Region raised concerns about the balance of
power between the federal and regional governments, highlighting
tensions between centralized authority and regional autonomy within the
federal system.
(viii) Legacy of Violence and Intolerance: The
Action Group crisis left a legacy of political violence and intolerance
in Nigeria. The escalation of violence, the targeting of political
opponents, and the ethnocentric rhetoric deepened divisions and set a
precedent for future political conflicts and electoral violence in the
country.
(7)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) National Security:
Ensuring the security and protection of Nigerian territory, citizens,
and interests is a critical factor in shaping foreign policy. Nigeria's
foreign policy decisions are often driven by concerns over regional
security, counterterrorism efforts, and cooperation with international
partners to combat transnational threats.
(ii) Economic
Interests: Economic considerations significantly impact Nigerian foreign
policy. Promoting trade, attracting foreign direct investment, securing
access to markets and resources, and seeking favorable economic
partnerships all influence the country's diplomatic engagements and
international agreements.
(iii) Regional Integration: Nigeria is a
key player in the West African region. Promoting regional integration,
fostering economic cooperation, and addressing common challenges through
organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) are important drivers of Nigerian foreign policy.
(iv)
Energy Diplomacy: As a major oil-producing country, Nigeria's foreign
policy is influenced by energy interests. Ensuring stable oil exports,
attracting investment in the energy sector, and engaging with other
oil-producing nations and organizations impact Nigeria's diplomatic
engagements.
(v) Pan-Africanism and African Solidarity: Nigeria
has historically championed the cause of African unity, independence,
and decolonization. Promoting peace, stability, and development in
Africa, supporting regional conflict resolution efforts, and advocating
for African interests on the global stage remain important elements of
Nigerian foreign policy.
(vi) Global Governance and
Multilateralism: Nigeria actively engages in multilateral organizations,
such as the United Nations, African Union, and the Commonwealth, to
shape global governance, advocate for international norms and values,
and pursue diplomatic initiatives on issues like peacekeeping, human
rights, and sustainable development.
(vii) Diaspora Engagement:
Nigeria has a large diaspora population spread across the globe.
Engaging with the Nigerian diaspora community and leveraging their
resources, skills, and influence for the country's development is an
important factor that shapes Nigerian foreign policy.
(viii)
Historical and Colonial Legacy: Nigeria's colonial history, particularly
its experience under British rule, has influenced its foreign policy
outlook. The legacy of colonialism, decolonization struggles, and
post-colonial relationships continue to shape Nigeria's diplomatic
approach, including its stance on issues related to self-determination,
sovereignty, and global power dynamics.
(8)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i)
Historical Ties: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations
can be justified based on historical ties. The Commonwealth provides a
platform for maintaining connections and cooperation with other
countries that were also once part of the British Empire.
(ii)
Shared Values: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth is based on
shared values such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and good
governance. The Commonwealth serves as a forum where member countries
can collaborate on upholding and promoting these values.
(iii)
Economic Cooperation: Nigeria benefits from economic cooperation within
the Commonwealth. Membership provides opportunities for trade,
investment, and economic partnerships with other member countries.
(iv)
Development Assistance: Nigeria can access development assistance and
support from the Commonwealth and its member countries. This assistance
can be in the form of financial aid, technical expertise, and
capacity-building programs .
(v) Cultural Exchange: The
Commonwealth offers a platform for cultural exchange and cooperation
among member countries. Nigeria's membership allows for the sharing of
cultural experiences, traditions, and knowledge with other nations
(vi)
Diplomatic Relations: Membership in the Commonwealth enhances Nigeria's
diplomatic relations and global standing. It provides opportunities for
engagement in multilateral diplomacy, participation in Commonwealth
summits, and networking
(vii) Collaboration on Global Issues:
Nigeria can collaborate with other Commonwealth members on global issues
such as climate change, security, peacekeeping, and health. The
Commonwealth can serve as a platform for joint efforts, sharing best
practices, and addressing common challenges.
(viii) Youth
Empowerment and Education: The Commonwealth offers programs and
initiatives focused on youth empowerment, education, and leadership
development. Nigeria's membership provides opportunities for Nigerian
youth to engage in exchange programs, educational scholarships etc.
(9a)
Federalism
is a system of government in which power is divided and shared between a
central authority and constituent units, such as states or provinces.
It is a political arrangement that allows for the coexistence of a
central government that governs the entire nation or federation as a
whole, and regional or local governments that have some degree of
autonomy and authority over their respective territories.
(9b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i)
Decentralization of power: State creation allows for the
decentralization of power from the central government to regional units.
This helps in addressing the diverse needs, aspirations, and interests
of different regions within the federation, ensuring a more equitable
distribution of resources and political representation.
(ii)
Efficient governance: By creating smaller states within a federation, it
becomes easier to administer and govern specific regions. This can lead
to more effective and efficient delivery of public services, as
governments can focus on addressing local issues and tailoring policies
to the specific needs of the region.
(iii) Regional development:
State creation can promote regional development by enabling local
governments to have greater control over their resources and economic
policies. This allows for targeted development initiatives and the
utilization of region-specific advantages, fostering economic growth and
reducing regional disparities.
(iv) Cultural and linguistic
preservation: In diverse federations, state creation can be a means to
protect and preserve the unique cultural, linguistic, and ethnic
identities of different regions. By granting them autonomy and
self-governance, the federation ensures that diverse cultural
expressions and languages are safeguarded.
(v) Political
representation: State creation often leads to increased political
representation at both the regional and national levels. New states
allow for the formation of additional legislative seats, ensuring a more
inclusive political system where diverse voices and interests can be
heard and represented.
(vi) Efficient resource management: State
creation in a federation allows for better management of natural
resources. Different regions within a federation may have varying
endowments of resources such as minerals, agricultural land, or energy
sources. By creating states, the local governments can have more control
over these resources, leading to more efficient utilization and
management for the benefit of the region and the overall federation.
(vii)
Conflict resolution: State creation can serve as a means of resolving
conflicts or addressing grievances between different regions within a
federation. In cases where there are significant political, ethnic, or
socio-economic tensions, creating separate states or autonomous regions
can provide a platform for addressing those grievances and promoting
peace and stability. By giving regions more control over their own
affairs, it can help alleviate feelings of marginalization or
underrepresentation, fostering a sense of unity and cooperation within
the federation.
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Emir/Sarkin: The Emir or Sarkin, as the highest-ranking executive officer, had several duties. They maintained law and order, ensured the administration of justice, and protected the interests of the community.
(ii) District Heads/Wakilin Sarki: District heads, known as Wakilin Sarki, were responsible for the effective governance of their respective districts. They implemented the policies and regulations set by the Emir, collected taxes, maintained security, and oversaw local government administration.
(iii) Court Officials: Court officials played significant roles in the administration of justice. The Wazirin, Galadiman, and Madaki were executive officers who advised the Emir, presided over court proceedings, and ensured the fair and equitable resolution of disputes.
(iv) Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.
(v) Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.
(vi) Advisers and Counselors: Executive officers in the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration included advisers and counselors who provided expertise and guidance to the Emir. These individuals had specialized knowledge in areas such as religion, law, diplomacy, and administration.
(vii) Village/Local Chiefs: Village or local chiefs, known as Hakimi, acted as executive officers at the grassroots level. They oversaw the governance of their respective villages or communities.
2023 NECO GOVERNMENT (OBJECTIVE) ANSWERS:
1-10: ECAEBDCAAA11-20: BCEABBEEAB
21-30: BCCCCCCDDA
31-40: EECEBBAEEA
41-50: DEABEDAABA
51-60: EEAEACBBED
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1 Comments
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