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Get Free Live 2025 NECO June/July Human and Regional Geography (GEOGRAPHY II) Essay Questions and Answers Free of Charge | NECO June/July Free Geography II (Theory) Questions and Answers EXPO Room
(4th July, 2025).
NECO JUNE/JULY 2025 FREE HUMAN AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY ESSAY (GEOGRAPHY II) QUESTION AND ANSWER ROOM
Human and Regional Geography (Essay)
10:00am – 12:00noon
2025 NECO HUMAN & REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY (GEOGRAPHY II) ESSAY / THEORY ANSWERS:
(1a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular area at a specific period of time. It can also mean the total inhabitants occupying a particular country or region and sharing the same resources within that environment.
OR
Population is the total number of inhabitants occupying a specific area such as a country, region, or city at a particular time. It involves the study of how people are distributed across different places and how they interact with the environment and available resources.
(1b)
(i) Size: This refers to the total number of people living in a country or a specific area at a given time. It shows whether the country has a large or small population, which is essential for planning the provision of social amenities like schools, hospitals, and housing. Population size helps the government and planners to know the exact number of people requiring resources and services for effective management and development.
(ii) Density: This means the number of people living per unit area of land in a particular place. It is usually expressed as the number of persons per square kilometre. Population density helps to determine how crowded or spacious an area is, which guides government decisions on urban planning, distribution of resources, and the management of social amenities to avoid congestion or underutilisation of land.
(iii) Quality: This refers to the characteristics of a population in terms of health, educational attainment, skill acquisition, productivity, and general well-being of the people. Population quality determines how effective and productive the human resources in a country are, which directly affects the economic development of that country. A high-quality population is healthy, well-educated, and skilled, which makes it easier to achieve technological and economic advancement in society.
(1c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Level of education
(ii) Availability of healthcare facilities
(iii) Nutrition and standard of living
(iv) Employment opportunities
(v) Housing and sanitation conditions
(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Zuma Rock, Niger State
(ii) Gurara Waterfalls, Niger State
(iii) Erin-Ijesha Waterfall, Kwara State
(iv) Olumo Rock, Kwara State
(v) Farin Ruwa Waterfalls, Nasarawa State
(vi) Assop Falls, Plateau State
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Source of Foreign Exchange: Tourism is a significant source of foreign currency for a nation, as tourists spend money on accommodation, food, transport, and local crafts, which helps to increase the nation’s foreign reserves and strengthens the economy.
(ii) Employment Generation: Tourism creates numerous employment opportunities for people in sectors such as hospitality, transport services, entertainment, tour operations, and local handcraft production, reducing the unemployment rate in the country.
(iii) Infrastructure Development: The need to attract and accommodate tourists encourages the government and private investors to develop infrastructures such as good roads, airports, recreational centres, and reliable power supply, which also benefits the local population.
(iv) Cultural Promotion: Tourism promotes and preserves the cultural heritage of a nation, as tourists visit to experience local traditions, festivals, arts, dances, and historical sites, which enhances cultural pride and prevents cultural extinction.
(v) Revenue Generation: Tourism contributes to government revenue through taxes, entry fees at tourist sites, and business registration fees, which can be used to fund national development projects and social amenities.
(vi) Encourages Investment: The growth of tourism attracts both local and foreign investors to invest in the construction of hotels, resorts, and transport services, which helps to diversify the nation’s economy and create more wealth.
(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) The government can develop good roads to tourist sites.
(ii) Security can be provided to protect tourists and their properties.
(iii) Local crafts and cultural festivals can be promoted to attract tourists.
(iv) Hotels and accommodation facilities can be improved for visitors.
(v) Publicity of tourist sites can be done through media and social platforms.
(vi) Training can be given to locals to provide quality services to tourists.
(vii) Laws can be made to protect tourist sites from damage.
(viii) Tourist sites can be beautified to attract more visitors.
(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Pittsburgh’s industrial region grew because of the availability of raw materials like coal and iron ore, which are important for steel production and other heavy industries. Having these materials close by reduced transport costs and made it easier for factories to get the raw materials they needed quickly, supporting continuous production and industrial expansion in the region.
(ii) Presence of Rivers for Water Supply: The presence of rivers around Pittsburgh helped industries by providing water needed for cooling machines and for various industrial processes. Rivers also served as cheap transportation routes before modern roads developed, making it easier to move heavy raw materials and finished goods, which encouraged industries to grow and expand in the region without facing transportation difficulties.
(iii) Cheap and Reliable Energy Supply: The availability of coal near Pittsburgh provided industries with cheap and reliable energy, which is needed for running heavy machinery and production processes. When energy is affordable and steady, industries can operate for longer hours and produce more goods without spending too much money on energy, making it easier for industries in the region to grow quickly.
(iv) Good Transport Network: Pittsburgh developed a good transport system with rivers, railways, and roads, which made it easier to bring raw materials into factories and transport finished goods to markets. This transport network reduced costs and delays in moving goods, allowing industries to function effectively and encouraging the growth of more industries in the region over time.
(v) Availability of Labour: Industries in Pittsburgh grew well because there was a good supply of workers available in the region, including skilled and unskilled labourers. Industries need workers to operate machines, transport goods, and handle production. The availability of enough workers allowed factories to increase their production and expand operations without facing issues of labour shortage in the area.
(vi) Large Market for Industrial Goods: The presence of a large market for industrial goods in Pittsburgh and other parts of the country encouraged industrial growth. Industries were able to sell their goods quickly, making profit that they used to expand production. A large market also means that industries can operate continuously, knowing that there are customers ready to buy their products regularly.
(vii) Government Support: The stable government in the United States supported industrial growth in Pittsburgh by building infrastructure like roads, railways, and bridges. Good governance creates a safe environment for industries to operate without fear of insecurity. Support from the government in building necessary infrastructure encouraged industries to invest more and expand their operations within the region confidently and efficiently.
(3b)
ADVANTAGES:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It reduces production costs through economies of scale.
(ii) It provides access to skilled and specialised labour.
(iii) It encourages the development of good infrastructure.
(iv) It leads to the growth of supporting and related industries.
(v) It allows easy sharing of knowledge and technology.
(vi) It creates jobs and promotes regional economic growth.
DISADVANTAGES:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It causes regional imbalance in development.
(ii) It makes the area dependent on one industry.
(iii) It leads to environmental pollution and waste.
(iv) It creates high demand and pressure on resources.
(v) It causes congestion and increases cost of living.
(vi) It may lead to exploitation of workers.
====================================================
(4a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Population refers to the total number of people living in a particular area at a specific period of time. It can also mean the total inhabitants occupying a particular country or region and sharing the same resources within that environment.
OR
Population is the total number of inhabitants occupying a specific area such as a country, region, or city at a particular time. It involves the study of how people are distributed across different places and how they interact with the environment and available resources.
(1b)
(i) Size: This refers to the total number of people living in a country or a specific area at a given time. It shows whether the country has a large or small population, which is essential for planning the provision of social amenities like schools, hospitals, and housing. Population size helps the government and planners to know the exact number of people requiring resources and services for effective management and development.
(ii) Density: This means the number of people living per unit area of land in a particular place. It is usually expressed as the number of persons per square kilometre. Population density helps to determine how crowded or spacious an area is, which guides government decisions on urban planning, distribution of resources, and the management of social amenities to avoid congestion or underutilisation of land.
(iii) Quality: This refers to the characteristics of a population in terms of health, educational attainment, skill acquisition, productivity, and general well-being of the people. Population quality determines how effective and productive the human resources in a country are, which directly affects the economic development of that country. A high-quality population is healthy, well-educated, and skilled, which makes it easier to achieve technological and economic advancement in society.
(1c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Level of education
(ii) Availability of healthcare facilities
(iii) Nutrition and standard of living
(iv) Employment opportunities
(v) Housing and sanitation conditions
(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Zuma Rock, Niger State
(ii) Gurara Waterfalls, Niger State
(iii) Erin-Ijesha Waterfall, Kwara State
(iv) Olumo Rock, Kwara State
(v) Farin Ruwa Waterfalls, Nasarawa State
(vi) Assop Falls, Plateau State
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Source of Foreign Exchange: Tourism is a significant source of foreign currency for a nation, as tourists spend money on accommodation, food, transport, and local crafts, which helps to increase the nation’s foreign reserves and strengthens the economy.
(ii) Employment Generation: Tourism creates numerous employment opportunities for people in sectors such as hospitality, transport services, entertainment, tour operations, and local handcraft production, reducing the unemployment rate in the country.
(iii) Infrastructure Development: The need to attract and accommodate tourists encourages the government and private investors to develop infrastructures such as good roads, airports, recreational centres, and reliable power supply, which also benefits the local population.
(iv) Cultural Promotion: Tourism promotes and preserves the cultural heritage of a nation, as tourists visit to experience local traditions, festivals, arts, dances, and historical sites, which enhances cultural pride and prevents cultural extinction.
(v) Revenue Generation: Tourism contributes to government revenue through taxes, entry fees at tourist sites, and business registration fees, which can be used to fund national development projects and social amenities.
(vi) Encourages Investment: The growth of tourism attracts both local and foreign investors to invest in the construction of hotels, resorts, and transport services, which helps to diversify the nation’s economy and create more wealth.
(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) The government can develop good roads to tourist sites.
(ii) Security can be provided to protect tourists and their properties.
(iii) Local crafts and cultural festivals can be promoted to attract tourists.
(iv) Hotels and accommodation facilities can be improved for visitors.
(v) Publicity of tourist sites can be done through media and social platforms.
(vi) Training can be given to locals to provide quality services to tourists.
(vii) Laws can be made to protect tourist sites from damage.
(viii) Tourist sites can be beautified to attract more visitors.
(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Pittsburgh’s industrial region grew because of the availability of raw materials like coal and iron ore, which are important for steel production and other heavy industries. Having these materials close by reduced transport costs and made it easier for factories to get the raw materials they needed quickly, supporting continuous production and industrial expansion in the region.
(ii) Presence of Rivers for Water Supply: The presence of rivers around Pittsburgh helped industries by providing water needed for cooling machines and for various industrial processes. Rivers also served as cheap transportation routes before modern roads developed, making it easier to move heavy raw materials and finished goods, which encouraged industries to grow and expand in the region without facing transportation difficulties.
(iii) Cheap and Reliable Energy Supply: The availability of coal near Pittsburgh provided industries with cheap and reliable energy, which is needed for running heavy machinery and production processes. When energy is affordable and steady, industries can operate for longer hours and produce more goods without spending too much money on energy, making it easier for industries in the region to grow quickly.
(iv) Good Transport Network: Pittsburgh developed a good transport system with rivers, railways, and roads, which made it easier to bring raw materials into factories and transport finished goods to markets. This transport network reduced costs and delays in moving goods, allowing industries to function effectively and encouraging the growth of more industries in the region over time.
(v) Availability of Labour: Industries in Pittsburgh grew well because there was a good supply of workers available in the region, including skilled and unskilled labourers. Industries need workers to operate machines, transport goods, and handle production. The availability of enough workers allowed factories to increase their production and expand operations without facing issues of labour shortage in the area.
(vi) Large Market for Industrial Goods: The presence of a large market for industrial goods in Pittsburgh and other parts of the country encouraged industrial growth. Industries were able to sell their goods quickly, making profit that they used to expand production. A large market also means that industries can operate continuously, knowing that there are customers ready to buy their products regularly.
(vii) Government Support: The stable government in the United States supported industrial growth in Pittsburgh by building infrastructure like roads, railways, and bridges. Good governance creates a safe environment for industries to operate without fear of insecurity. Support from the government in building necessary infrastructure encouraged industries to invest more and expand their operations within the region confidently and efficiently.
(3b)
ADVANTAGES:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It reduces production costs through economies of scale.
(ii) It provides access to skilled and specialised labour.
(iii) It encourages the development of good infrastructure.
(iv) It leads to the growth of supporting and related industries.
(v) It allows easy sharing of knowledge and technology.
(vi) It creates jobs and promotes regional economic growth.
DISADVANTAGES:
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It causes regional imbalance in development.
(ii) It makes the area dependent on one industry.
(iii) It leads to environmental pollution and waste.
(iv) It creates high demand and pressure on resources.
(v) It causes congestion and increases cost of living.
(vi) It may lead to exploitation of workers.
====================================================
(4a)
(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Broad leaves to capture maximum sunlight for photosynthesis.
(ii) Thick barks to reduce water loss and protect against heat.
(iii) Deep roots to reach underground water during dry seasons.
(iv) Shedding of leaves during dry seasons to conserve water.
(v) Waxy leaf surfaces to reduce water loss through evaporation.
(4c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Deforestation: Large-scale felling of trees for timber, firewood, and agriculture reduces the vegetative cover in guinea savannah, mangrove, and rainforest regions. This exposes the soil to erosion and reduces soil fertility, making it difficult for new plants to grow. Continuous deforestation disrupts the ecological balance, affecting moisture retention, wildlife habitats, and rainfall patterns necessary for vegetation growth.
(ii) Bush Burning: Frequent bush burning during land preparation for farming destroys young plants and reduces the organic content of the soil in these regions. It affects soil structure and moisture retention, making it unsuitable for healthy plant growth. Repeated burning leads to the death of seedlings and destroys ground cover, thereby hindering the regeneration of vegetation in affected zones.
(iii) Urbanization and Industrialization: Rapid growth of cities and industries in these vegetation belts leads to land clearing for construction, roads, and factories, which reduces the available land for natural vegetation growth. Pollution from industries also affects soil and water quality, which damages plant health. These activities fragment habitats, limiting the continuous spread of vegetation across these belts.
(iv) Climate Change: Irregular rainfall and prolonged drought due to climate change hinder the natural growth of plants in the guinea savannah, mangrove, and rainforest. Changes in temperature patterns affect germination and growth rates of native plant species. Flooding and sea-level rise also threaten mangrove vegetation, while droughts in savannah regions result in stunted plant growth and desert encroachment.
(v) Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by livestock in the guinea savannah region exposes the soil surface, leading to erosion and compaction of the soil, which prevents water infiltration and root penetration. This reduces the regenerative capacity of grasses and shrubs. In rainforest fringes, livestock trampling can destroy seedlings and hinder the undergrowth from establishing, thus affecting the growth of vegetation.
(vi) Oil Exploration and Mining: Oil spills in mangrove swamps and mining activities in forest and savannah areas damage vegetation. Oil spills coat the roots and soil in mangroves, killing plants and preventing regeneration. Mining activities cause deforestation and soil erosion, leaving the land bare and unfit for plant growth. These activities lead to the permanent loss of natural vegetation in affected areas.
(5a)
(i) North West
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Kano
(ii) Kaduna
(iii) Sokoto
(ii) South East
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Onitsha
(ii) Enugu
(iii) Aba
(iii) South West
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Lagos
(ii) Ibadan
(iii) Abeokuta
(iv) South South
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Port Harcourt
(ii) Warri
(iii) Benin City
(5b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Employment generation.
(ii) Revenue generation.
(iii) Facilitation of trade.
(iv) Promotion of industrial growth.
(v) Enhancement of transportation development.
(vi) Stimulation of agricultural production.
(vii) Attraction of foreign investment.
(5c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of good transportation networks.
(ii) Presence of markets and trading activities.
(iii) Availability of raw materials and industrial activities.
(iv) Large population and urbanisation.
(v) Availability of social and infrastructural facilities.
(vi) Favourable government policies.
(vii) Presence of financial institutions.
(5d)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Traffic congestion.
(ii) High cost of living.
(iii) Environmental pollution.
(iv) Inadequate housing and slum development.
(v) Increase in crime rate.
(vi) Poor waste management.
(vii) Pressure on social amenities.
(6a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Cottage industry is a small-scale home-based production system where individuals or families use simple tools and local raw materials to produce goods, often for local consumption and sale.
OR
Cottage industry refers to small-scale manufacturing activities done in homes using simple tools and family labour, producing items like crafts, textiles, and food products for local use and income.
OR
Cottage industry is a type of small-scale industry where goods are produced in people’s homes using simple tools and family labour, mainly to serve local markets within the community.
(6bi)
(i) Textile Cottage Industry: This involves the small-scale production of cloth materials such as weaving traditional fabrics like Aso-Oke, Adire, and Ankara in people’s homes using simple local equipment. Family members participate in spinning, dyeing, and weaving activities. The finished textiles are supplied to local markets and used for making clothes, generating income for the family.
(ii) Craft Cottage Industry: This type of cottage industry involves the production of various handicrafts such as pottery, basket weaving, wood carving, and bead making within homes using locally sourced raw materials and simple tools. Family members are involved in the process, and the finished products are sold in local markets, providing income and preserving cultural heritage in communities.
(6bii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Small-scale production
(ii) Use of simple tools and equipment
(iii) Home-based production
(iv) Family labour involvement
(v) Use of local raw materials
(vi) Production for local markets
(6c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: Industries are located in rural areas to be close to the sources of raw materials like agricultural produce and minerals. This reduces transportation costs, ensures steady supply for production, and prevents spoilage of perishable items, making production processes easier and encouraging the establishment of agro-based and mineral-based industries in rural areas.
(ii) Availability of Land: Industries are located in rural areas because land is easily available and cheaper compared to urban areas. It allows for expansion of industrial activities and building of production facilities without high costs. The wide availability of land in rural areas encourages the establishment of industries, reducing congestion and high rent challenges seen in cities.
(iii) Provision of Employment: Industries are located in rural areas to provide employment opportunities for the local population, reducing rural-urban migration. By employing people within their communities, industries help improve the standard of living, reduce poverty, and promote local economic development while ensuring a steady supply of labour for the industries at lower labour costs.
(iv) Government Policies and Incentives: The government encourages the establishment of industries in rural areas by providing incentives such as tax holidays, grants, and infrastructural support. This policy aims to develop rural areas, reduce congestion in cities, and ensure balanced regional development while making it attractive for investors to set up industries in rural communities across Nigeria.
(v) Availability of Water Supply: Industries are located in rural areas because water used in production processes is often readily available from rivers and streams. Water is essential for many manufacturing processes, cooling, and cleaning in industries. The ease of accessing water resources in rural areas reduces the cost of production and supports continuous industrial operations without disruptions.
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