![2024 NECO Human & Regional Geography Answers [5th July]](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xLxpwRX1em4/Wl94CFeJRZI/AAAAAAAAATw/G-0VjUcT71Mp59T6MeRUlvZr1nyojVY0gCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/NECO.jpg "2024 NECO Human & Regional Geography Answers [5th July]")
Human and Regional Geography (Essay)
10:00am – 12:00noon
2024 NECO HUMAN & REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY (GEOGRAPHY II) ESSAY / THEORY ANSWERS:
(1a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Fertile Land: The Nile Valley has
rich, fertile soil due to the annual flooding of the Nile River, which
deposits nutrient-rich silt. This fertility makes the land ideal for
agriculture, supporting dense populations through abundant crop
production.
(ii) Water Availability: The Nile River provides a
reliable and consistent source of water for drinking, irrigation, and
sanitation. In a predominantly arid region, this accessibility to water
is crucial for sustaining large populations and agricultural activities.
(iii)
Historical Significance: The Nile Valley has been a cradle of
civilization for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations, such as the
Egyptians, settled here due to the favorable living conditions, leading
to a long history of human habitation and development.
(iv)
Transportation and Trade: The Nile River serves as a major
transportation route, facilitating trade and the movement of people.
This connectivity boosts economic activities and attracts settlements.
(v)
Climate: The climate in the Nile Valley is relatively mild compared to
the surrounding deserts, making it more habitable and conducive to
farming and other activities.
(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Over-population can lead to a surplus of labor, resulting in high unemployment rates.
(ii) Increased population puts pressure on natural resources, leading to shortages.
(iii) Over-population often leads to inadequate housing and the growth of slums.
(iv) High population density can result in pollution and environmental damage.
(v) Over-population can overwhelm healthcare systems, leading to inadequate medical services.
(vi) It can lead to Increased poverty levels
(1c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Implementing comprehensive family planning and education programs to help control population growth.
(ii)
Creating more job opportunities through economic diversification,
investment in various industries, and encouraging entrepreneurship.
(iii) Developing better urban planning to manage housing and infrastructure needs.
(iv)
Promoting sustainable use of resources through conservation efforts,
renewable energy projects, and efficient waste management systems to
reduce environmental impact and ensure resource availability for future
generations.
(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Cultural Erosion:
Tourism can lead to the commercialization and dilution of local cultures
and traditions. As communities adapt to cater to tourists' preferences,
there is often a loss of cultural identity and heritage. Traditional
practices, languages, and customs may be abandoned or altered to fit the
expectations of tourists.
(ii) Environmental Damage: Increased
tourism can cause significant environmental degradation. This includes
pollution from littering, increased waste, and emissions from
transportation. Natural habitats may be destroyed to make way for
tourism infrastructure, such as hotels and resorts, leading to loss of
biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems.
(iii) Inflation: The
influx of tourists can drive up the prices of goods and services in
tourist areas. This can make everyday items unaffordable for local
residents, leading to increased living costs and economic inequality.
Locals may find it difficult to afford housing, food, and other
necessities as prices are adjusted to capitalize on tourist spending.
(iv)
Crime Increase: High levels of tourism can sometimes lead to an
increase in crime rates. Tourists can be targets for petty theft, scams,
and other criminal activities. The presence of tourists may also
attract criminal elements to the area, putting a strain on local law
enforcement and reducing the overall safety of the community.
(v)
Overcrowding: Popular tourist destinations can become overcrowded,
leading to congestion, noise pollution, and a decline in the quality of
life for local residents. Overcrowding can put pressure on local
infrastructure and public services, such as transportation, healthcare,
and sanitation systems, making them less effective and accessible for
locals.
(vi) Seasonal Employment Instability: Tourism often leads
to seasonal employment, where jobs are only available during peak
tourist seasons. This can result in economic instability for workers who
rely on tourism for their livelihood, as they may struggle to find
employment during off-peak times
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)
Encouraging eco-friendly tourism practices, such as responsible wildlife
viewing, waste reduction, and sustainable accommodation options which
helps minimize environmental impact and promotes conservation efforts.
(ii)
Promoting and protecting local cultures and traditions through
initiatives like cultural festivals, heritage sites, and educational
programs
(iii) Implementing policies to control inflation and
ensure affordability for residents by regulating prices, supporting
local businesses, and promoting economic inclusivity.
(iv) Enhancing security to reduce crime rates associated with tourism.
(v)
Managing tourist numbers to prevent overcrowding by implementing
measures like visitor quotas, reservation systems, and off-peak
promotions.
(vi) Developing a variety of tourist attractions that
appeal to different types of tourists throughout the year can help
reduce the seasonal nature of tourism.
(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)
Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor transportation networks, unreliable
electricity supply, and insufficient water resources hinder industrial
operations. The lack of modern infrastructure increases production costs
and reduces the competitiveness of African industries.
(ii)
Limited Access to Finance: Many African industries struggle to secure
funding for expansion and technological upgrades. High-interest rates,
stringent lending conditions, and limited availability of venture
capital make it difficult for businesses to grow.
(iii) Skill
Shortages: There is a significant gap in skilled labor needed for
industrial development. Education systems often fail to provide the
technical and vocational training required for modern industries,
leading to a workforce that lacks the necessary skills.
(iv)
Political Instability: Political instability, corruption, and weak
governance can deter both local and foreign investment. Unstable
political environments create uncertainty, which discourages long-term
industrial investments and disrupts ongoing industrial activities.
(v)
Dependence on Primary Commodities: Many African economies rely heavily
on the export of raw materials with little value addition. This
dependence limits the development of a diversified industrial base and
makes economies vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices.
(vi)
Trade Barriers and Limited Market Access: Tariff and non-tariff
barriers, both within African countries and in international markets,
restrict the growth of industries. Limited access to larger markets
reduces economies of scale and the potential for industrial growth.
(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)
Governments and private sectors should invest in building and upgrading
infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports, and energy
facilities.
(ii) Financial institutions should develop more flexible lending products tailored to the needs of industrial enterprises.
(iii) Investing in education systems to provide technical and vocational training aligned with industry needs is crucial.
(iv)
Strengthening institutions, reducing corruption, and ensuring political
stability are essential for creating a conducive environment for
industrial development.
(v) African countries should focus on adding value to their primary commodities through local processing and manufacturing.
(vi) Reducing trade barriers and expanding market access for African industries.
(4a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)
Topography and Relief: Areas with favorable topography, such as plains
and lowlands, are more conducive to settlement as they provide flat land
for construction, agriculture, and transportation. Conversely, rugged
terrain like mountains and steep hills may hinder settlement due to
difficulties in building infrastructure and cultivating land.
(ii)
Climate: Regions with moderate and favorable climates, such as the
savannah and forest zones, are more likely to support larger
settlements. These areas typically have adequate rainfall and suitable
temperatures for agriculture and human habitation. Extreme climates,
like arid and semi-arid regions, often have sparse populations due to
harsh living conditions and limited water resources.
(iii) Soil
Fertility: Fertile soils, particularly in the river valleys and delta
regions, attract settlements due to their suitability for agriculture.
Areas with rich, arable land can support higher population densities
because they provide ample food resources and opportunities for farming.
(iv)
Economic Activities: Economic opportunities significantly influence
settlement patterns. Urban areas with diverse job markets, commercial
activities, and industrial centers attract large populations.
Conversely, regions with limited economic opportunities may experience
lower population densities and smaller settlements.
(v)
Availability of Water Resources: Proximity to water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, and streams is crucial for the establishment and growth
of settlements. Water is essential for drinking, irrigation, sanitation,
and industrial purposes. Settlements often develop near reliable water
sources to ensure a steady supply for various needs.
(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i)
Inadequate Infrastructure: Many settlements in Nigeria lack basic
infrastructure like roads, water, electricity, and sanitation, making
them unsuitable for development.
(ii) Insecurity: Some
settlements are located in high-risk areas prone to crime, terrorism, or
communal conflicts, making them unsafe for residents and investors.
(iii)
Environmental Degradation: Settlements in Nigeria often struggle with
environmental challenges like pollution, flooding, and erosion, which
can have devastating effects on residents' health and livelihoods.
(iv)
Overcrowding: Rapid urbanization has led to overcrowding in many
settlements, resulting in the growth of slums and informal settlements,
which can perpetuate poverty and social inequality.
(v) Land
Disputes and Insecurity of Tenure: Many settlements in Nigeria are
plagued by land disputes, unclear ownership, and insecure tenure, making
it difficult to develop or invest in these areas.
(vi) Limited
Access to Basic Services: Settlements in Nigeria often lack access to
essential services like healthcare, education, and social amenities,
hindering residents' quality of life and opportunities for economic
mobility.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Promote Economic Integration: This objective involves creating a cohesive economic space among member states. The aim is to eliminate trade barriers and foster the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across national borders.
(ii) Enhance Cooperation: ECOWAS strives to foster cooperation in various sectors such as agriculture, transportation, telecommunications, and industry. By working together, member states can share resources, knowledge, and technology, which can lead to improved productivity and innovation.
(iii) Peace and Security: Ensuring regional peace, stability, and security is a cornerstone of ECOWAS's objectives. The organization has established mechanisms for conflict prevention, management, and resolution, including peacekeeping missions and diplomatic interventions.
(iv) Harmonize Policies: ECOWAS seeks to standardize and harmonize economic and monetary policies, tariffs, and fiscal policies across member states. This harmonization is crucial for creating a stable economic environment that facilitates cross-border trade and investment.
(v) Human Development: Improving the social conditions of the people within member states is a fundamental objective of ECOWAS. The organization implements various initiatives aimed at enhancing education, health, and social welfare.
(6b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Political Instability: Frequent political crises, coups, and conflicts within member states disrupt regional cooperation and economic activities.
(ii) Economic Disparities: Significant economic differences among member states make it difficult to implement uniform policies and achieve balanced economic integration.
(iii) Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate transportation, communication, and energy infrastructure limit connectivity and economic activities within the region.
(iv) Corruption and Governance Issues: High levels of corruption and weak governance structures undermine efforts to implement regional policies and initiatives effectively.
(6c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Strengthen Political Stability: Enhance mechanisms for political dialogue, democracy promotion, and conflict resolution to ensure stable governance within member states.
(ii) Invest in Infrastructure Development: Mobilize resources and investments to develop critical infrastructure such as roads, railways, telecommunications, and energy networks to improve regional connectivity and economic activities.
(iii) Promote Economic Diversification: Encourage member states to diversify their economies to reduce dependency on a few sectors and balance economic development across the region.
(iv) Strengthen Anti-Corruption Measures: Implement robust anti-corruption policies and strengthen governance structures to ensure transparency, accountability, and effective implementation of regional initiatives.
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